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Welcometomyclass山东魏桥中学中学郑士勤阅读理解分类及方法高考阅读理解命题特点及发展趋势•(一)词汇量加大，阅读速度提高•(二)语篇结构较为复杂，长难句有所增加•(三)体裁分布比较均匀，题材趋向多样化（一）细节理解题（二）词义辨析题（三）推理判断题（四）主旨大意题（一）细节理解题一般针对某个特定细节而提出，难度较小，属浅层理解，通读短文后一般能直接找出答题依据。•解题方法：•1.通读全文，领悟大意，理解文章结构层次及细节。做细节理解题，我们具备细心观察的品质。文章本身的内容是我们答题的唯一依据。•2.选用排除法。排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。Thecoldisthemostcommonofman’sailments.Yetitstumpedthemedicalauthorities.Manyofmoreterriblediseaseshavecomeunderthecontrolofmodernmanastheresultoftheknowledgegainedinthelabofscienceresearch.Investigatorshavethoughtthatthecoldisusuallycausedbyavirus.However,nomethodofstudyingthisvirushasbeendevised.Thechimpanzeeistheonlyanimaltowhichthediseasecanbegivenexperimentally.Theuseofthisanimalislimitedbyitscostandbythefactthatsomanyoftheanimalsdieofpneumoniaduringtheexperiments.Thisleavesforallpracticalpurposesonlyhumanvolunteerstobeusedinresearchprojects.Manyinmatesofprisonshavehelpedinthiswork,butbecauseoftheselimitations,researchintothecauseandcureofcoldhasprogressedveryslowly.Researchintothecauseandcureofcoldhas_________.A.goneaheadveryslowlyB.goneaheadveryquicklyC.beenverycommonD.beenimpossible√要求正确理解短文中一些关键词、短语或句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义语替换、习语释义等。在做阅读理解时，我们经常会遇到不认识的单词、短语，这个时候我们不要紧张，因为我们会猜。猜词是不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要运用学过的语言知识，运用逻辑思维去正确的猜测。(二)词义辨析题解题方法常见的设问形式有：1）Theunderlinedwordinthe…paragraphrefersto/means________.2)Whatdoes“______”inparagraph…standfor/mean?3)whichofthefollowingcouldbestreplace“______”？4)Theexpression/phrase“_______”means______.1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift---frommidnightto8a.m.---thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?1.同位法。同位语部分alargebuildinginoldtimes给出了castle的确切词义，即“城堡”。1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift---frommidnightto8a.m.---thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?•2.定义法。定语从句中wholooksaftersheep就表明herdsman的词义为牧人。1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift---frommidnightto8a.m.---thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?•3.同位法。两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift---frommidnightto8a.m.---thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?•4.对比法。but一词表转折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天第一节上了一半才来，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向准时的结论。三推理判断题主要对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、写作的思路及目的等进行考查，纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上，严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述事实，进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申，包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度等。解题方法读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容,注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。历年高考题中出现的设问形式：Fromthetext,welearnthatthediaryisnowownedby______.(NMET’99)Vanvergarges’remarksuggeststhat______.(NMET’98)Afterreadingthestory,whatcanweinferaboutthehospital?(NMET’96)WhatdidGregRotaprobablydointheend?（2004全国Ⅰ）Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.“Toreducepain,taketwotablets(药片)withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief(缓解疼痛)taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount(量).Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askyourdoctor'sadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.”Itcanbeinferredfromthedirectionsthatthismedicine________.A.helpsyoutofallasleepquicklyB.maybedangeroustosmallchildrenC.cannotbetakenifonefeelssleepyD.shouldn'tbetakenbychildrenundersix(四）主旨大意题此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、主题句或主题段、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后归纳短文要点、概括中心思想，也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节等。解题方法领会全文大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法，真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。做这类试题需要考生具有总体把握文章的能力，以及善于运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维能力。同时应特别注意的是，一切从文章本身出发，切忌主观臆断。Whatisthetopicofthetext?(NMET’93)Thetextismainlyabout____.(NMET’95)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(NMET’98)Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof____．(NMET’99)Thewriter’spurposeinwritingthisstoryis______.(NMET2000)Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis_____.(NMET2000)Whatdoesthetextmainlydescribe?(2004全国ⅣKleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal.Suchapersonisnotreallyathief.Theyaresickandcannothelpthemselves.Allsmallchildrenactnaturallyandastheygrowuptheynormallylearntocontroltheiractions.Peoplewithkleptomaniaforcertainmedicalreasonshavefailedtodevelopcontrolovertheirdesiretotakethingsthatdonotbelongtothem.Withmedicalhelptheymaybecomenormalcitizensagain.Thethingsthatakleptomaniastealsareseldomofgreatvalue.Theyoftengiveawaywhattheyhavestolenorcollectobjectswithoutusingthem.Q:Whatisthetopicofthetext?A.YoungThieves.B.AnUnusualIllness.C.ReasonsforStealingD.ANormalChild’sActions.1.先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻