英语课件英语构词法课件

英语构词法英语构词法主要有三种：转化、合成与派生。英语构词法种类另外还有截短、缩合等。1.转化:是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。watern.水------watervt.浇水常见的转化形式：动词---名词名词---动词动词----名词stopvt.停止---n.车站lovevt.爱---n.爱Watchvt.观看---n.手表recordvt.录音---n.纪录combvt.梳理(头发)---n.梳子abusevt.辱骂---n.辱骂名词----动词handn.手---vt.上交seatn.座位---vt.坐nursen.护士---vt.护理oiln.油---vt.上油timen.时间---vt.定时，测时shouldern.肩膀---vt.肩负minen.矿山---vt.开矿barbecuen.烧烤---vt.在烤架上烤shipn.船---vt.用船装运financen.金融---vt.为……提供资金stainn.污点,污迹---vt.玷污，污染draftn.草稿---vt.起草headn.头---v.前进transportn.运输---vt.运输副词---动词downadv.向下---v.放下副词---名词nowhereadv.任何地方都不---n.无处，无名的地方形容词---名词freezingadj.冰冻的---n.冰点solidadj.固体的,坚实的---n.固体数词---动词secondnum.第二---v.赞成---n.秒2.合成:有两个或更多的词合成一个词。class班级+room房间=classroom教室warm+heart+ed=warmhearted热心肠的good+looking=good-looking相貌好看的(1)名词airconditionerbloodpressureincometax(2)形容词centralbankremotecontrolfastfoodsolarsystem(3)v-ing加另一词washingmachinedrivinglicense(4)其他方式by-product（副产品）editor-in-chief合成形容词过去分词或带ed词尾的构成absent-mindedgrey-haired动词的ing或另一词构成long-sufferingfar-reaching(5)合成动词baby-sit3.派生:是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。happy---unhappydevelop---development前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。mis-错误的+understandv.理解---misunderstandv.误解en+largeadj.大的---enlargev.扩大后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。carev.照料---carefuladj.细心的workv.工作---workern.工人常见的前缀(A)表示否定的前缀：un-unfair,unhappynon-nonsmoker(常用在n.adj.adv.前)in-inactive,inhuman,indirect(常用在adj.)dis-disagree,disappearim-impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m开头的词前)il-illegalir-irreal,irregular(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:mis-misjudge,misdirect(误导)(C).表示向背的前缀:pro-(亲，支持)pro-Chinese,pro-Americananti-（阻止，抗）antiwar,anti-Japanesewar(D).表示程度、大小的前缀super-superstar,supermarket,superman,superpowerover-overhead,overeat,overusemini-minibus,miniskirt,mini-carunder-underground,underestimatesemi-(半，部分)semicircle,semiskilled,(E).表示时间的前缀pre-prewarpost-postwarfore-(前，预先)foretell,forecast,foresee,weatherforecast(F).表示方位的前缀：sub-subway,submarineinter-international,interclass(年级之间的）trans-(横过，通过，超越，进入)transplant,transatlantic（横渡大西洋的）常见的后缀1.动词变名词：-ationsatisfaction,education,realization-mentdevelopment,movement,disappointment-alarrival,refusal-eetrainee（受训者）,employee-erteacher,worker-orvisitor,sailor2.形容词变名词-nesshappiness,meanness,carelessness-ityability,possibility-ismMarxism,criticism3.名词变形容词：-ywindy,rainy,sandy-ishfoolish,feverish-somehandsome,troublesome-ousdangerous,humorous-fulhelpful,careful,peaceful3.名词、形容词变动词：-ifybeautify,simplify-izerealize-enquicken,widen,sharpen但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义：Kingdom:“职位、状态”freedomBoyhood:“身份，资格”childhoodFriendship:情态\状态\性质\身份\职业\技巧\技能”leadership,hardshipSpoonful：构成名词mouthful(满口,一口),handful(一把)4.截短:是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。telephone---phoneinfluenza[ˌinfluˈenzə]---flu.流行性感冒5.缩合:是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。smokeandfog----smog烟雾TestofEnglishasaforeignlanguage–TOEFL托福InternationalEnglishlanguagetestsystem-IELTS雅思1.___________(adj.)平静的,和平的→____________(n.)→__________(adv.)2.()(vi.)抱怨,投诉→()(n.)3.___________(adj.)爱交际的,社交的→__________(n.)社会→_________(n.)社会主义4.___________(vt.&vi.)减少,降低→______________(n.)1.(peaceful)(adj.)平静的,和平的→(peace)(n.)→(peacefully)(adv.)2.(complain)(vi.)抱怨,投诉→(complaint)(n.)3.(socail)(adj.)爱交际的,社交的→(society)(n.)社会→(socialist)(n.)社会主义4.(reduce)(vt.&vi.)减少,降低→(reduction)(n.)5.____________(n.)广告→____________(v.)→_________(n.)登广告的人6.___________(adj.)平等的→___________(adv.)→________(n.)相等,平等7.__________(vi.)比赛,竞争→__________(n.)8._________(adv.)幸运地→__________(adj.)→________(n.)运气,财富,命运5.advertisement(n.)广告→advertise(v.)→advertiser(n.)登广告的人6.equal(adj.)平等的→equally(adv.)→equality(n.)相等,平等7.compete(vi.)比赛,竞争→competition(n.)8.fortunately(adv.)幸运地→fortunate(adj.)→fortune(n.)运气,财富,命运exercise①vi.锻炼，运动Sheshouldexercisemore.Theydon’texerciseenough.Mygrandfatherexercisedandbecamehealthier.②vt.练习Weshouldexerciseourlegs.Heisexercisinghimselfindancing.③n.(不可数)运动，锻炼Ishouldtakemoreexercise.Exerciseisgoodforoldpeople.④n.(可数)操练，学习中的练习题Studentsinthisschooldoeyeexercisestwiceaday.Wedomorningexerciseseveryday.Therearesevenmathexercisestodo.