词汇学1-现代英语词汇学概述

ModernEnglishLexicologyLexicologygrammarpragmaticssemanticsphonologyHowwordsarearrangedtoformasentence.Meaningsofwordsandsentences.LanguagesoundsystemsSocialrulesinlanguageuse.UnitOneAGeneralSurveyofEnglishVocabularyOverviewoftheunit1.Thedefinitionofword2.ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyEnglishvocabularyviewedfromthehistoricalperspectiveTherapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary3.ClassificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriteria4.OtherrelatedissuesWhatisaword?aminimumfreeform(Bloomfield,1933:177-178)theassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse(AntoineMeillet)oneofthefundamentalunitsofspeechandaminimumfreeform.Itisaunityofsoundandmeaning,capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunctionVocabularyvs.WordAllthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary.Vocabularyalsoconsistsofaswellthewordsandphrasesusedindialects,registersandterminology.TheDevelopmentofEnglishVocabularyThreehistoricalperiodsofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyRapidgrowthofthevocabularyofthepresent-dayEnglishOldEnglish(450-1150)ThreeHistoricalPeriodsModernEnglish(1500-present)MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)-ThepronunciationofoldEnglishsomewhatdiffersfromthatofmodernEnglish.-Itisahighlyinflectedlanguage(syntheticnotanalytic).-TheNormanConquestcausedthechangesintheEnglishlanguage.-Englishhaschangedfromahighlyinflectedlanguagetoananalyticlanguageintermsofgrammar.-AlotofwordswereborrowedfromFrench(beef,pork,bacon,air,beauty,music,brown,painting,color,etc.).-emphasisonLatinandGreekasaresultoftherenaissance(1500-1700)-AtimeofstabilizingandpurifyingEnglishlanguage-AperiodofexpansionofEnglishvocabularyvowelsundergonechangesOLDEnglishModernEnglishstan?fot?fyr?representedthesoundofthbypandǾwip?Ǿa?thebasicelementsremainedmann(man),wif(wife),cild(child),hus(house),benc(bench),mete(meet,food)CategoryWordsLawandgovernmentaladministrationjudge,jury,justice,government,parliament,stateLiteraturechapter,poet,prose,rimeSciencemedicine,remedy,surgeonMilitaryaffairsconquer,sergeant,victoryReligionbaptism,confess,divine,sermon……Clothingcoat,dress,gown,robeArtbeauty,image,designEarlyModernEnglish(1476-1776)Latinloanwords:mostlyconnectedwithscienceandabstractideaschemist,function,scientific,vacuum;area,irony,theory,education,adapt,exist,appropriate,preciseGreekloanwords:mostlyliterary,technicalandscientificdrama,comedy,tragedy,lexicon,criterion,botany,physics.attaché,charged’affaires,caféconcert,duet,piano,soprano,solo,tenor,model,bust,studio,dome,balcony,piazzaarmada,cargo,vanilla,cocoa,cigarModernEnglish(1776-)Englishborrowedwordsformanincreasingnumberoflanguages,themajoronesbeingthethreeRomancelanguages:French:attaché,charged’affaires,caféItalian:particularlydominantinthefieldsofmusic,artandarchitectureconcert,duet,piano,soprano,solo,tenor,model,bust,studio,dome,balcony,piazzaSpanish:armada,cargo,vanilla,cocoa,cigarPortuguese:casteandpagodaGerman:bismuth,cobalt,nickelandzincDutch:dock,freightandkeelRussian:vodka,troika,rubleandtsarAustralian:boomerang,kangarooanddingo;Arabic:sugar,sultanandalcohol;Indian:coolie,cashmereandkhaki;Hebrew:schmozzoandschmalts;Chinese:tea,typhoonandyamen;Japanese:kimonoandtycoon;African:gorillaandzebra.Englishhasadoptedwordsfromalmosteveryknownlanguageinthecourseofitshistoricaldevelopment.AssummedupinTheEncyclopediaAmericana:“…TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed”Englishissupposedtohavethemostcopiousvocabularyofallthelanguageintheworld,estimatedatmorethanamillionwords.Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyReasonsforthefrequentappearanceofneologisms:MarkedprogressofscienceandtechnologySocio-economic,politicalandculturalchangesTheinfluencesofotherculturesandlanguagesnuclearbomb:chainreaction,radioactivity,fall-out,cleanbomb,overkill,megadeath,neuronbomb,medium-rangeballisticmissilesexplorationofspace:astronautandcosmonaut,blastoff,countdown,capsule,launchingpad,spacesuit,spacemen,spaceplatform,spaceshuttlecomputerscience:software,hardware,input,output,memory,monitor,process,programming,database,internet,logon(off),etc.Newsocialhabits&newlivingcondition:creditcard,fringebenefit,hirepurchase,high-rise,condo(shortforcondominium),housesitter(sitting),kitchenette,spin-driers,pressurecooker,microwaveoven,ready-mixedcakes,instantmashedpotatoes,supermarket,drugsubculture:acidhead,upper(astimulantdrug),downer(adepressantdrug),civilrightsmovements:blackstudies,blackpower,BlackPanther,Blackmuslin,sit-in,swim-in,,Be-in,love-in(fromhippiesubculture),homosexualsubculture:gay,homophobia,campwomen’sliberationmovements:Ms,chairperson,chairwoman,spokeswoman,male-chauvinism,sexism,feminism,education:openclassroom,OpenUniversity,alternativeschool(non-traditionalcurriculum)entertainment:call-in(ofaradioprogram),discotheque,simulcast,guerrillaorstreettheatre,acidrock,hardrock,folkrock,sports:roller-hockey,surf-riding,skydiving,designatedhitter(frombaseballgame)apartheid,wasfirstusedinSouthAfricain1949tomean“(policyof)racials