第一章货物的品质、数量、包装

第一章国际贸易的标的物•［学习目的］•熟悉商品名称和品质的重要性，商品质量表示的方法；了解品质机动幅度的基本内容，及制订品质机动幅度的三种方法：范围法、极限法、百分比法。•［重难点］•商品质量（文字）表示的六种方法，质量机动幅度。第一节Nameofcommodity(goods)商品的品名•Generally,thisclauseisrelativelysimple,wealwayslistthenamesthatintheofferorcounter-offerunderthearticleofNameofCommodity.•Andsometimesweonlywriteseveralsentencesshowingthetwoparties’agreementonthebusinessofsomecommodityatthebeginningofacontract.第二节Thequalityofcommodity(goods)商品的品质品质是商品的内在质量和外观形态的综合外观形态是人们的感官直接可以感觉到的外型特征，包括商品的大小、内在质量包括商品的物理性能、机械性能、化学成分和生物特性等长短、结构、造型、款式、色泽、光滑粗糙程度及味觉、嗅觉等。Thequalityofcommodityisthecombina-tionoftheintrinsicqualityandoutsideformorshapeofthegoods.二、MethodsofStipulatingQuality品质的表示方法(一)用实物表示(SalebySample)看货买卖样品买卖（1）凭卖方样品买卖（注意：留复样或封样）（2）凭买方样品买卖（凭来样）（3）凭对等样品买卖（凭回样、对等样）(二)用文字说明表示(SalebyDescription)1.规格Specification2.等级Grade3.标准Standard4.牌号或商标BrandorTradeMark5.产地名称NameofOrigin6.说明书和图样DescriptionandIllustrationChineseAccordingtothesample:generally,tothosecommoditieswhicharedifficulttoconfirmqualitywiththestandardortheparameter,weresorttothesample,whichcanbedividedintotwogroups,salebythesample（凭样）andsalebyviewingthecommodity（看货）.Artsandcrafts,garments,lightindustryproducts,agriculturalandnativeproducearegenerallysoldbysample.salesbysample(二)用实物样品说明表示salesbysample1、Salesbyseller’ssampleSendthesample:Topromotebusiness,thequalityofsampleisalwaysbetterthanthatinordinaryproductionprocess.Weshouldbecautiousaboutit.Ifcustomerconfirmsthesample,thequalityofproductsmustbeonthesamelevelofthesample,includingtheoutwardappearanceandessentialqualityaswell.Whetherthesample’squalityismuchhigherorlowerthanordinary,wewillbeindifficulty.Soweoughttosendthesampleproperly:whenwehavenoabsolutecertaintyaboutthequalityortheproductsarenotfitfor“salebysample”,wemayaddthestatement“qualityshallbeaboutequaltothesample”or”qualityisnearlythesameasthesample”.ChineseChineseIfthecustomerdemandstoconductbusinessaccordingtothequalityofcommodity,itisleftforthecustomeroritsagentstoexaminethecommodityandconfirmthequality.Ininternationaltrade,thenegotiationsarealwaysthroughlettersandtelephonesbecauseofthelongdistancebetweenbuyerandseller.Itisinconvenientforthebuyertocheckthecommoditiesinseller’splace.买方在卖方地点选样不多见Sosalebyviewingisalwaysappliedinconsignment、auction、fairsandsales,anditisnotfitforcommonbusiness.适合拍卖、交易会等不，不适合通常贸易ChineseIfcustomerrequireenterpriseoffernecessarygoodssymbolsampleofgoodstheir,meancustomerchooseandconfirmtheitemqualityoftransactioninordertothequalityoftheseller‘ssample.客户可要求工厂寄送样品。Thesellerdeliversgoodsqualitymustbetotallyunanimouswiththesample,ifthegoodsdonotcorrespondtosample,thebuyerhastherighttodishonortheclaim.卖方货物应与样品相符。ChineseExplanationofbuyer'ssample:Ifthecustomersendsthesampleandrequiresenterprisestomanufactureinaccordancewithkindsothatthequalityofthegoodsaccordswithone'sownrequest,Meanthatthecustomerchoosestoconfirmthequalityofthetradegoodswiththequalityofthebuyer'ssample.2、Salesbybuyer’ssample3、Salebycountersample（凭对等样）Wesubmitthecopyofbuyer’ssampleoroursimilarsampletothebuyer.Itwillbethecounter-sampleafterbuyer’sconfirmation.Chinese注意！(1)Keepduplicate:留复样、封样Weoughttokeepaduplicateofthesampleincaseofdisputeinthefuture.Usuallywekeeptwoduplicatesamples,oneiskeptbyourselvesandtheotherissenttotheInspectionBureau（iftheproductneedinspectionorlegalinspection）.(2)选样灵活适度Formulatetheclauseaccordingtoactualability•Payattentiontothescienceandrationality.•Avoidtoohighortoolow.•Payattentiontotheinnerlinkandrelationbetweeneveryqualityindex.(3)质量方法选择Usevariouskindsofexpressionmethodsproperly•Choosethewaydescribequalityaccordingtothecharacter.选质量方法看货物特点•Ifcandescribeinoneway,don’tusemanyways.—（只选一种品质方法）案例如下：总结凭样方法SaleBySampleSeller'sSampleProduceandsendthesampleKeepduplicateBuyer'sSampleProduceaccordingtobuyer'ssampleandsenditoutSalebycountersampleConfirmGoodsQualityCaution英文版凭样交易卖方样品生产并寄送样品留复样注意点买方样品根据买方样品生产并寄送回样凭对等样品交易确定商品品质[案例1]我国某公司向英国出口一批大豆，合同中规定，数量为100公吨，单价为每公吨80英镑CIF不来梅，品质规格为：水分最高为14%，杂质不超过2、5%，交货品质以中国国家出入境检验检疫局品质检验为最后依据，但在成交之前，我方又向买方寄送样品，并电告买方：“所交货物与寄送外商的样品相同”，当货物运到英国后，买方提出尽管有中国国家出入境检验检疫局出具的品质合格证书，但货物的品质比样品低，卖方有责任交付与样品一致的货物。因此，要求每公吨减价6英镑。我方公司声称合同中并未规定凭样品交货，而仅规定凭规格交货，既然所交货物符合合同规定，故不同意减价。英国公司请英国某检验机构进行检验，出具了所交货物平均品质比样品低7%（如：水分含量--样品6%实货13%）的检验证明，以此向我方公司提出索赔600英镑的损失。分析：1、在此情况下我方是否接受索赔？•2、从本案例中应吸取哪些教训？1.凭规格买卖SalebySpecification商品规格（SpecificationofGoods）是指用以反映货物的成分、含量、纯度、容量、性能、大小、长短、粗细等质量的若干主要指标。品名NameofCommodity:WhiteRice规格Specifications:Long-shaped碎粒BrokenGrains:20%max水分Moisture:0.15%max杂质Admixture(Impurities):0.15%max.IBMThinkpadR40e笔记本的规格：显示屏14.1，重量2.7千克，最大分辨率：2048x1536，内存标准/最大128MB/1GB，硬盘大小120GB。(一)用文字说明表示ChineseSalebyspecification:（凭规格）Thespecificationcanreflectsomequalityofthegoods,suchascomposition,content,function,size,weight.Cautions:Astothespecification,eventhesamegoods,aredifferentbecauseoftheuse,sotherequestofthespecificationwillbedifferent.Sothespecificationwillbedifferent.Thespecificationshallbeapplytothecommonuse.2.凭等级买卖SalebyGrade同一类产品按品质或规格上的差异，用文字、数码、符号将品质优劣分为若干等级。鲜鸡蛋蛋壳呈浅棕色、清洁、品质新鲜特级每枚蛋净重60~65克超级每枚蛋净重55~60克大级每枚蛋净重50~55克一级每枚蛋净重45~50克二级每枚蛋净