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TheOneagainsttheMany课文原文+译文Inanepochdominatedbytheaspirationsofnewstatesfornationaldevelopment,itisinstructivetorecallthattheUnitedStatesitselfbeganasanunderdevelopedcountry.在这个新生国家渴望发展的时代,回眸美国从不发达国家开始的发展历程是很有教益的。Everycountry,ofcourse,hasitsdistinctivedevelopmentproblemsandmustsolvethemaccordingtoitsowntraditions,capacities,andvalues.TheAmericanexperiencewasuniqueinanumberofways.Thecountrywasblessedbynotableadvantages—aboveall,bythefactthatpopulationandresourceswasobviouslynottheonlyfactorinAmericandevelopment.Hadthatbeenso,theIndians,forwhomtheratiowasevenmorefavorable,wouldhavedevelopedthecountrylongbeforethefirstsettlersarrivedfromovertheseas.Whatmatteredequallywasthespiritinwhichthesesettlersapproachedtheeconomicandsocialchallengesofferedbytheenvironment.SeveralelementsseemedfundamentaltothephilosophywhichfacilitatedtherapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheAmericancontinent.当然,每个国家都有各自的发展问题而且必须根据其各自的传统、能力和价值解决它们。美国的经验在许多方面都是独特的。这个国家有着得天独厚的优势——主要是人口相对稀少而资源十分丰富。但是很明显,人口和资源之间有利的比例不是促进美国发展的唯一因素。如果真是这样的话,在人口与资源比例上更有优势的印第安人,在海外殖民者到来以前,早就应该把国家发展起来了。同样重要的还有这些殖民者在面临各种经济和社会环境的挑战的精神。几个基本思想要素对于促进美洲大陆社会和经济迅速发展起到了至关重要的作用。Onefactorwasthedeepfaithineducation.ThebeliefthatinvestmentinpeopleisthemostessentialwayforasocietytodevoteitsresourcesexistedfromtheearliestdaysoftheAmericancolonies.Itaroseoriginallyfromaphilosophicalratherthananeconomiccommitment—fromafaithinthedignityofmanandfromtheresultingbeliefthatitistheresponsibilityofsocietytooffermantheopportunitytodevelophishighestpotentialities.But,atthesametime,italsohelpedproducetheconditionsessentialtosuccessfulmodernization.其中一个思想因素就是对教育的深信不疑。对人员的投入是社会资源分配的最基本方式,这信念年在美国殖民地最早期就存在。它源于对思想原则的信仰,而不是出于对经济利益的追求;它源于对人的尊严的笃信以及由此而产生的信念,即给人们提供机会去发展其最大的潜能是社会的责任。但与此同时,它帮助美国奠定了走向现代化的基础。Modernindustrialsocietymustbeaboveallaliteratesociety.Economichistoriansattributetwo-thirdofthegrowthinAmericanoutputoverthecenturiesofAmericandevelopmenttoincreasesonproductivity.Andincreasesinproductivity,ofcourse,comedirectlyfromthesizeofnationalinvestmentineducationandinresearch.J.K.Galbraithhadrightlyobservedthat“adollarorarupeeinvestedintheintellectualimprovementofhumanbeingswillregularlybringagreaterincreaseinnationalincomethanadollarorarupeedevotedtorailways,dams,machinetools,orothertangiblecapitalgoods.”ThesewordsaccuratelyreporttheAmericannationalexperience.现代化的工业社会必须首先是知识的社会。经济历史学家把美国两个世纪发展期间2/3的经济增长归功于生产率的提高。当然,这种生产率的提高直接来源于国家对教育和研究的投入。JK高博瑞曾经恰当地指出:“在智力提高上提高的每一美元或卢比所带来的国家收入,都大于将其投入到铁路、水坝、机器工具,或其他有形生产资料所能带来的国家收入。”这句话准确地叙述了美国的经验。AnotherfactorintheprocessofAmericandevelopmenthasbeenthecommitmenttoself-governmentandrepresentativeinstitutions.Wehavefoundnobetterwaythandemocracytofulfillman’stalentsandreleasehisenergies.Arelatedfactorhadbeentheconvictionoftheimportanceofpersonalfreedomandpersonalinitiative—thefeelingthattheindividualisthesourceofcreativity.Anotherhasbeentheunderstandingoftheroleofcooperativeactivity,publicaswellasvoluntary.促进美国发展进程的另一个思想因素是对自治和代议制的追求。我们发现民主是使人的才智得到充分施展、人的能量得以充分发挥的最好方式。民主思想一方面确信人的自由的重要性和创新来自个人;另一方面是懂得合作的作用,这种合作包括义务的和自发的两种。Butfundamentaltoallofthese,andperhapsthesinglemostimportantexplanationofthecomparativespeedofAmericandevelopment,hadbeenthenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofthesocialandeconomicorder.Americahashadthegoodfortunenottobeanideologicalsociety.但所有因素当中最基本的,或许是对美国发展速度最重要的一个就是美国拒绝关于社会本质和经济规律的教条式的偏见。幸运的是,美国不是一个观念性很强的国家。ByideologyImeanabodyofsystematicandrigiddogmabywhichpeopleseektounderstandtheworld—andtopreserveortransformin.Theconflictbetweenideologyandempiricismhas,ofcourse,beenoldinhumanhistory.Intherecordofthisconflict,ideologyhasattractedsomeofthestrongestintelligencesmankindhasproduced—thosewhomSirIsaiahBerlin,termedthe“hedgehogs”,whoknowsonebigthing,asagainstthe“foxes”,whoknowmanysmallthings.在我看来,意识形态体系是指人们探索去理解、维护和改变世界时所遵循的系统的、固定的信条总和。意识形态体系与经验主义的斗争在人类历史上源远流长。在意识形态体系与经验主义斗争的历史上,意识形态体系曾吸引了人类历史上一些聪明绝顶的人物——艾赛亚伯林先生称之为“刺猬”,即懂得一件大事的人,和“狐狸”,即知道很多小事的人。NorcanonesuggestthatAmericanshavebeenconsistentlyimmunetotheideologicaltemptation—tothetemptation,thatis,todefinenationalgoalsinanordered,comprehensive,andpermanentway.Afterall,theAmericanmindwasconditionedbyoneofthenoblestandmostformidablestructuresofanalysiseverdevised,Calvinisttheology,andanyintellectsoshapedwasboundtohavecertainvulnerabilitytosecularideologyeverafter.TherehavebeenhedgehogsthroughoutAmericanhistorywhohaveattemptedtoendowAmericawithanall-inclusivecreed,totranslateAmericanismintoasetofbindingpropositions,andtoconstruethenationaltraditionintermsofoneoranotherultimatelaw.没有人能说美国始终如一地不受意识形态体系诱惑的影响,也就是不受以一种有序的、全面的、永恒的方式来确定国家目标的诱惑的影响。毕竟,美国人的思维方式深受加尔文派神学的影响,这种神学是有史以来人类创造的最崇高、最令人敬畏的分析体系之一,而如此形成的思维方式一定始终容易受到世俗意识形态体系的攻击。那些所谓“刺猬”贯穿于美国整个历史,他们企图赋予美国一个万能的信条,把美国精神转变成一系列必须遵循的主张,用一种或另一种最终规律来解释国家的传统。YetmostofthetimeAmericanshavefoxilymistrustedabstractrationalismandrigidaprioridoctrine.Ournationalfaithhasbeennotinpropositionsbutinprocesses.Initsfinesthours,theUniteStateshas,sotospeak,risenaboveideology.Ithasnotpermitteddogmatofalsifyreality,imprisonexperience,ornarrowthespectrumof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