Jonathan Swift完成版本

——JonathanSwiftJonathanSwiftBackgroundofGulliver’sTravelsCulturalinfluenceofGulliver’sTravelsMainidea(AvoyagetoLilliputAvoyagetoBrobdingnag)ThewayofwritinginGulliver’stravelJonathanSwift(Nov.30th,1667－Oct.19th,1745)BriefIntroductionJonathanSwift,sonoftheEnglishlawyerJonathanSwifttheelder,wasborninDublin,Ireland,onNovember30th,1667.HegrewupthereinthecareofhisunclebeforeattendingTrinityCollegeattheageoffourteen,wherehestayedforsevenyears,graduatingin1688.Inthatyear,hebecamethesecretaryofSirWilliamTemple,anEnglishpoliticianandmemberoftheWhigparty.In1694,hetookreligiousordersintheChurchofIrelandandthenspentayearasacountryparson.HethenspentfurthertimeintheserviceofTemplebeforereturningtoIrelandtobecomethechaplainoftheearlofBerkeley.Meanwhile,hehadbeguntowritesatiresonthepoliticalandreligiouscorruptionsurroundinghim,workingonATaleofaTub,whichsupportsthepositionoftheAnglicanChurchagainstitscriticsontheleftandtheright,andTheBattleoftheBooks,whicharguesforthesupremacyoftheclassicsagainstmodernthoughtandliterature.HealsowroteanumberofpoliticalpamphletsinfavoroftheWhigparty.AftersomeconflictswiththeWhigparty,mostlybecauseofSwift’sstrongallegiancetothechurch,hebecameamemberofthemoreconservativeTorypartyin1710.UnfortunatelyforSwift,theTorygovernmentfelloutofpowerin1714andSwiftdespitehisfameforhiswritings,felloutoffavor.Swift,whohadbeenhopingtobeassignedapositionintheChurchofEngland,insteadreturnedtoDublinwherehebecamethedeanofSt.Patrick’s.AfterhisreturntoIreland,SwiftbecameastaunchsupporteroftheIrishagainstEnglishattemptstoweakentheireconomyandpoliticalpower,writingpamphletssuchasthesatiricalAModestProposal,inwhichhesuggeststhattheIrishproblemsoffamineandoverpopulationcouldbeeasilysolvedbyhavingthebabiesofpoorIrishsubjectssoldasdelicaciestofeedtherich.Lateinlife,Swiftseemedtomanyobserverstobecomeevenmorecausticandbitterthanhehadbeen.Threeyearsbeforehisdeath,hewasdeclaredunabletocareforhimself,andguardianswereappointed.BasedonthesefactsandonacomparisonbetweenSwift’sfateandthatofhischaracterGulliver,somepeoplehaveconcludedthathegraduallybecameinsaneandthathisinsanitywasanaturaloutgrowthofhisindignationandoutrageagainsthumankind.However,thetruthseemstobethatSwiftwassuddenlyincapacitatedbyaparalyticstrokelateinlife,andthatpriortothisincidenthismentalcapacitieswereunimpaired.LiteraryPositionandinfluenceSwiftisoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose.Swiftisamastersatirist.Swiftwasamanofgreatmoralintegrityandsocialcharm.MainlyfamousworksofJonathanSwiftTheBattleoftheBooks（1704）TaleofaTub（1704）JournaltoStella（1710-1713）LettersofMercer（1724-1725）Gulliver'sTravels（1726）AModestProposal（1729）BackgroundofGulliver’sTravelsIn1723,theBritishgovernmentcastcoppercoinfortheIrish,madepeoplelivedinhotwater.Swiftpublishedseveralcontinuouspublicletter,encouragedtheIrishpeopleroseupagainstgovernment.HebecametheleaderofIrishnationalmovementofindependenceandfreedom.Afterthevictory,hewenttoLondonandstruggledfortheinterestsofthepeopleofIreland.AfterheleftMoore’smanor,swiftbacktoIrelandtocontinuehisjobasapastor.Fortheprofitsofchurch,heputhimselfintothepoliticalactivity.Hewrotemanypamphletsinhislaterlife,whichhadgotquiteareputation.Althoughhebecamefamousatthattime,lonelinessexistinhisheartthatevenforcedhimtothevergeofdespair.Heexperiencedandthroughallthisthings,undersuchaconditionhewroteGulliver'sTravels.CulturalinfluenceofGulliver’sTravelsThecharacterizationofGulliverisoneofthemostcelebratedliteraryachievementsofJonathanSwiftandakeytotheinterpretivesubtletyofGulliver'sTravels.Swifthasintendedtomoldhimintoanincarnationofthewhoisintelligent,well-educated,superior,confident,andhasenoughfaithinpopularnotionthatself-knowledgewillleadtorightaction.Thisclassicisafancifultaleworthyofanychild'searsaswellasasatiricallookatEnglishpoliticsandacriticalexaminationofman'sgreatestweakness.Gulliver'sTravelsgivesanunparalleledsatiricaldepictionofthevicesofhisage.Hesatirizestherealityandpresentstheidealbydescribingfictionalplots;Hedrawstheuglypracticesinlifewithhyperboliccaricaturetomakethesatirizedimagesmoreforcefulinexposingreality.WuHoukaihasmadeamoreprofoundappraisal“TheGulliver’sTravelsisthemostcharacteristicsnovelintheworld.Itissameastheother18thcenturynovels,inheritedthetrampnovelstructuralapproachanddescribedthevoyagelikeothertravels.ThesatireinGulliver'sTravels,especiallyinvolumesIIIandIVisundoubtedlysternandmerciless,whichmakesthosewhoaresatirizedextremelyawkward.Forinstance,whenSwiftmockstheBritishgovernmentdepartments,heusesmanysarcasticphrases:hecomparestheSenatetoaflockofdullgeese;theroyalcourttoacesspit;thegreatcounciltoaclosedlavatory;theAdministrationtoarunningsore;thestandingarmytotheplague;andtheMinistryofFinancetoabottomlesspit.”Theauthorgivessomeaccountofhimselfandfamily;hisfirstinducementtotravel.Heisshipwrecked,andswimsforhislife;getssafeonshoreinthecountryofLilliput;ismadeaprisoner,andcarriedupthecountry.Maincharacter:LemuelGulliver(asurgeon,alsoacaptainofseveralships)Whenheawaked,hefoundhewassurroundedbycitizensofLill