急救培训(英文板)

FIRSTAIDThisisthefirsthelp/assistancegiventoapersonwhoissick/injuredbeforemedicalhelpisobtainedTreatmentBASICPRINCIPLESOFRESCUSCITATION•DRABC•DisDanger/safety•RisResponse•Aisforairways(mouthandnose)•Bisforbreathing(chestexpansion)•Cisforcirculation(checkforthepulse)THREEBASICPRINCIPLESOFFIRSTAID1.Diagnosis•History(Findoutwhathappened,when,whereandhow)•Signs(Physicalfeaturesyoucanseeonthepatient,wound,vomiting,swelling,bleeding)•Symptoms(thingsfeltbythepatient,pain,discomfort,dizzinessetc)2.Treatment•Preservelife•Preventconditiongettingworse•Promoterecovery3.Disposal•SendingthepatienttothehospitaloranymedicalcenterSKELETON•Thisistheframeworkofthebody;it’smadeupof206bones.•TYPES•Longbones–armsandlegs•Handandfoot(27bonesonthehand)SKELETON•Flatbones–skull,ribs,pelvis(theseareforprotection)•Irregularbones–vertebrae(backbone)(26ofthem)CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM•Thecentralnervoussystemcontrolsallvoluntaryactivitiesandismadeupof:Thebrain•Greaterbrain:forconsciousnesse.g.CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM•Thelesserbrain:forbalancing•Brainstem:forautonomicnervoussysteme.g.breathing•Thespinalcordtoconductimpulsestoandfromthebrain•NervestotransportimpulsestoandfromthespinalcordMUSCLES•Itistheredfleshofthebody,whichcarries50%ofthetotalweightofthebody.TYPES•Voluntarymuscles–thosethatarecontrolledbythewille.g.walking,running,stopping,smiling,laughingetc.•Involuntarymuscles–thosethatarecontrolledautomaticallye.g.breathing,blinkingoftheeyeFRACTURE•Thisisthebreakinthebone•TYPES•Closedfracture(simplefracture)•Openfracture(compoundfracture)•AllthesefracturescanbecomecomplicatedwhenthebonebreaksanddamagesothervitalorgansFRACTURE•CAUSES•Directviolence(bonebreaksdirectlywhereforceisapplied)•Transmittedviolence(bonebreaksawayfromwhereforceisapplied)•Muscularaction(thisiscausesbythepullingofmuscles)•DiseasesoftheboneSIGNSANDSYMPTOMS•P.I.D.A.C.I.S.S.S•Pain•Inability•DeformitySIGNSANDSYMPTOMS•Abnormalmovement•Creptus•Irregularity•Swellinganddiscoloration•Shockduetopainandlossofblood•ShorteningTREATMENT»Check.DRABC»Stopbleedingifany»Takesupport»Dressanywounds»ImmobilizethefracturesothatYoupreventfurtherdamageYoulessenpainYoucaneasilycarrythepatienttohospitalDISLOCATION•ThisisthedisplacementoftheboneatajointTYPES•Closed•OpenSIGNSANDSYMPTOMS•Severepain•Deformity•Swelling•Fixation(nomovement)atajointTREATMENT•Donottrytostraightenit•Check.DRABC•Immobilizejustasitisfoundandtakethepatienttothehospital•Stopbleedingifany•TakesupportTREATMENT•Dressanywounds•Immobilizethedislocationsothat•Youpreventfurtherdamage•Youlessenpain•YoucaneasilycarrythepatienttohospitalWOUNDS•Thisisacutorbreakintheskin•TYPES•Contusedwound(thetissuesareburstopenbybluntforcee.g.ahammer)WOUNDS•Laceratedwound(thetissuesaretornapartbyroughsurfaces)•Incisedwound(thesearecleancutwoundsusingaknifeorrazorblade)•Puncturedwound(thesearedeepcutse.g.bulletwound,anailstraightintotheskin)DANGERSOFWOUNDS•LossofbloodTherecouldbeinternalbleeding•Infections:TheobjectmaytransmitinfectionsDamagetointernalpartsTREATMENT•StopbleedingUsingdirectpressureUsingdigitalpointsUsingatourniquet•Washyourhands(wearsurgicalgloves)TREATMENT•Exposethewound•Applytemporarydressingtopreventinfections•Cleantheareaawayandaroundthewound•ApplyapermanentdressingandapressurebandageWedothisinordertostopinfectionsandbleeding•SendthepatienttothehospitalBLEEDING/HEMORRHAGE•Bleedingisthelossofbloodfromthebody•BloodismadeupoftwothingsPlasma–fluidCells;–Redbloodcellscarryingoxygen–Whitebloodcellstofightagainstinfections–PlateletswhichhelpwithclottingORGANSOFCIRCULATIONANDKINDSOFBLEEDINGHeart–topumpbloodandhasfourchambersBloodvessels•Arteries–tocarrybloodawayfromtheheart•Capillaries–tocirculatebloodaroundthebody•Veins–tocarrybloodbacktotheheartTYPESOFBLEEDING•Therearetwotypesofbleeding•Externalbleeding(outsidebleeding)•Internalbleeding(insidebleeding)TYPESOFBLEEDINGOninternalbleedingwehavewhatiscalledconcealedandrevealedbleeding.Concealedbleedingisverydangerousbecausethepatientmaydieifnottakentothehospitalintime.ArterialBleeding•Bleedingthroughtheartery,bloodwillcomeoutwithpressureanditwillbebrightredincolorbecauseitisrichinoxygen.CapillaryBleeding•Bleedingthroughthecapillary,thebloodwilloozeoutandcanstoponitsown.Thebloodwilllookdark.VenousBleeding•Bleedingthroughtheveins,bloodwillflowoutinastreamandwilllookdarkredincolorsinceithaslostitsoxygen.•NOTE:Whendonatingblood,bloodwillbetakenfromthepersonusingtheveinsandwillbegiventothepatientthroughtheveins.SIGNSANDSYMTOMSOFBLEEDING(F.R.I.S)•Faintnessgoingintocollapse•Rapidthreadpulse/weakpulse•Increasingpallorandrestlessness•ShallowsighingrespirationMETHODSOFSTOPPINGBLEEDING•Directpressure(alwaysuseapad)•Digitalpressureonthepressurepoints•Temporalarteriesfoundneartheearwhenbleedingonthehead•Sub-clevianarteriesfoundonthecollarbone,whenbleedingontheupperarm•Brachialarteriesfoundontheupperarm,whenbleedingonthelowerarm•Femoralarteriesfoundonthegroinwhenbleedingontheleg•Facialarteriesfoundunderthechin,whenbleedingontheface•Occipitalarteriesfoundatthebackofthehead,whenbleedingonthebackoftheheadTheuseof