China_history1

Qinshihuang•ZhaoZheng(赵正）•KingoftheChinese,StateofQinfrom246BCto221BC,duringtheWarringStatesPeriod(战国时代）•HewasfirstemperorofaunifiedChinain221BC.•Heruleduntilhisdeathin210BCattheageof49•BorntoKingZhuangxiangofQin秦莊襄王andZhaoJi趙姬•InheritedtheQinStateat13withLüBuweiactingasPrimeMinisterHISTORY•In238BC,attheageof21,heassumedfullpowerandstartedrulingonhisown.•HecontrolledQinandwascontinuouslyattackingandconqueringtheotherstatesinChina.•Finallyin221BC,hedefeatedthelastindependentstate,andhadtakencontrolofthewholeChina•LüBuwei,thePrimeMinister,wasafraidofYingZheng.HelinedupLaoAi嫪毐tooverthrowtheking.Failed,caught,andexecutedviolently.•StateofYanfearfulofbeingconqueredsentJingKe荊軻topresentgiftsthenkilltheking.Failedandexecuted.•GaoJianli高漸離triedtoavengeJingKe’sdeathbyplayinghislute琵琶fortheking.Thelutewasfastenedtoapieceofleadandwasthrustattheking.Hemissedandwasexecuted.KINGOFQINSTATE•Hestandardizedthewrittenscript,weightsandmeasures,andcurrencies,andestablishedthesystemofprefecturesandcounties.Thesovereignsofthenext2,000-oddyearsfollowedthefeudalgovernmentalstructureestablishedbyhim.统一文字HanDynasty(206B.C.-A.D.220)andtheSilkRoad•LiuBangestablishedthepowerfulHanDynastyin206B.C.DuringtheHanDynasty,agriculture,handicraftsandcommerceflourished,andthepopulationreached50million.LiuBang•Duringhisreign(140-87B.C.),themostprosperousperiodoftheHanDynasty,LiuChe,EmperorWudi,expandedtheterritoryoftheempirefromtheCentralPlaintotheWesternRegions(present-dayXinjiangandCentralAsia).•HedispatchedZhangQiantwiceashisenvoytotheWesternRegions,andintheprocesspioneeredtherouteknownastheSilkRoadfromChang'an(today'sXi'an,ShaanxiProvince),throughXinjiangandCentralAsia,andontotheeastcoastoftheMediterraneanSea.ChinesesilkgoodsweretradedtotheWestalongtheSilkRoad.•AscontactsbetweentheEastandWestincreased,BuddhismspreadtoChinainthefirstcentury.In105,anofficialnamedCaiLuninventedatechniqueformakingfinepaper,whichisconsideredtohavebeenarevolutionincommunicationandlearning.TangDynasty(618-907)•AftertheHanDynastyandtheThreeKingdomsPeriod(220-265),theJinDynasty(265-420),theSouthernandNorthernDynasties(420-589)andtheSuiDynasty(581-618)weresucceededbytheTangDynasty,establishedbyLiYuanin618.•LiShimin,orEmperorTaizong(r.626-649),sonofLiYuan,adoptedaseriesofliberalpolicies,pushingtheprosperityofChina’sfeudalsocietytoitspeak.LiShimin盛世唐朝（贞观之治）“唐宴春”酒•Bythe660s,China’sinfluencehadfirmlytakenrootintheTarimandJunggarbasinsandtheIliRivervalley,andevenextendedtomanycity-statesinCentralAsia.Duringthisperiod,extensiveeconomicandculturalrelationswereestablishedwithmanycountries,includingJapan,Korea,India,PersiaandArabia.唐蕃古道Song,Yuan,MingandQingDynasties(960-1911)•TheperiodoftheFiveDynastiesandTenStates,whichsucceededtheTangDynasty,wasoneofalmostcontinualwarfare.SongDynasty(960-1279)•In960,ZhaoKuangyin,ageneraloftheStateofLaterZhou,establishedtheSongDynasty(960-1279),historicallyknownastheNorthernSongDynasty.•WhentheSongDynastymoveditscapitaltothesouth,historicallycalledtheSouthernSongDynasty,itbroughtadvancedeconomyandculturetothesouth,givingagreatimpetustoeconomicdevelopment.著名的《清明上河图》反映了宋朝的繁荣•ChinaintheSongDynastywasinthefrontrankoftheworldinastronomy,scienceandtechnologyandprintingtechnologyasevidenced,forexample,byBiSheng’sinventingmovabletypeprinting,agreatrevolutioninprintinghistory.BiShengYuanDynasty(1271-1368)•In1271,Kublai,agrandsonofGenghisKhan,conqueredtheCentralPlain,foundedtheYuanDynasty(1271-1368),andmadeDadu(today’sBeijing)thecapital.元朝花瓶元朝建筑•Kublaiwrotefinistothecenturies-longsituationinwhichmanyindependentregimesexistedsidebyside,andformedaunitedcountrythatbroughtXinjiang,TibetandYunnanunderitssway.Kublaifourgreatinventions(Song-Yuanperiod)printingpapermakingthecompassgunpowderDuringtheSong-Yuanperiod,the“fourgreatinventions”inscienceandtechnologyoftheChinesepeopleinancientwerefurtherdeveloped,andintroducedtoforeigncountries,makinggreatcontributionstoworldcivilization.MingDynasty(1368-1644)•In1368,ZhuYuanzhangestablishedtheMingDynasty(1368-1644)inNanjing,reigningasEmperorTaizu.WhenhissonandsuccessorZhuDi(r.1360-1424)ascendedthethrone,in1360,hebuiltandexpandedthepalaces,temples,citywallsandmoatinBeijingonalargescale.In1421,heofficiallymovedthecapitaltoBeijing.ZhuYuanzhangZhuDi郑和（1371——1435年）Duringhisreign,hedispatchedaeunuchnamedZhengHetoleadafleetofmanyshipstomakesevenfar-rangingvoyages.PassingtheSoutheastAsiancountries,theIndianOcean,PersianGulfandMaldivesIslands,ZhengHeexploredasfarasSomaliaandKenyaontheeasterncoastofAfrica.Thesewerethelargest-scaleandlongestvoyagesintheworldbeforetheageofColumbus.郑和下西洋路线QingDynasty(1644-1911)TheManchusofnortheastChinaestablishedtheQingDynasty(1644-1911)in1644,undertheleadershipofNurhachi.Kangxi(r.1661-1722)wasthemostfamousemperoroftheQingDynasty.HebroughtTaiwanunderQingrule,andresistedinvasionsbytsaristRussia.ToreinforcetheadministrationofTibet,healsoformulatedtherulesandregulationsontheconfirmationoftheTibetanlocalleadersbytheCentralGovernment.Heeffectivelyadministeredover11millionsqkmofChineseterritory.Nurhachi