电力市场中的备用问题

,,(,710049):,,,,;,;,,,:;;:TM73;F12319:2001203219;:2001206202(59937150)0,,,,,,[15],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,[68]AGC:,,;,,10min;1h,[2],10min,,20min30min,[9],10min(TMSR)10min(TMNSR)30min(TMOR)[10](readyreserve),10min15min,,,(operatingreserve),,,,1h,2h725152001810Vol.25No.15Aug.10,2001,,,,,,,,,(AGC)10min10min30min60min,1,,,,,1Table1Classificationofreserve10min10min10min10min30min(10min,30min)60min(30min,60min)60min2,,,,($EENS)$EENS,[11],,$EENS:$EENS=P(K3)(1)P;K3LC-X(K3);L;C;X(K3)(1)$EENS,$EENS,(1)1MW,(1)$EENS,[12]$EENSPORR(t):PORR(t)=KK+L+e-(K+L)K+L[LU(0)-KA(0)](2)K;L;U(0),A(0)01[13],$EENS$EENS,[11],GramCharlier:,:;$EENS:EENS,$EENS,EENS,EENS,,[14],,,,,,,$EENS,,[15]3,,,S[16],:S=i(Gi-Gi)(3)Gii;Gii:C=5S5R(4)C;S;R,,,,,,8(),:,,EENS,Bs:Bs=A$EENS=A(EENS,1-EENS,0)(5)EENS,1EENS,0EENS,,(1);AkWõh,IEAR(interruptedenergyassessmentrates)VOLL(valueoflostload),IEARVOLL,3:,,[17],[18],IEARVOLL,kWh,IEAR,VOLL,90IEAR[19]7179ö(kWh),90VOLL[20]21389ö(kWh)4,,,[9],,,(ISO),NGC,[21]:,(ISO),,,FERC;,,,,,,22Table2Optimizationofreservedispatch1+2,,LP3,,(SR,RR),LP4,,=-1[22],,;23LP[2224],,,,,,;4[16],,,,,(marketpower),,,,[24],9[7],KCOV:KCOV=dSDM(6)dSD;M,KCOVKCOV(3),:,3Table3AnalysisofthepriceoffsetintheCaliforniaPowerMarketö((MWh)-1)ö((MWh)-1)KCOVPX28.1813.050.4627.9716.420.5911.3610.800.9516.0924.771.549.8118.401.8810.5620.111.90,,,(pricecap)(uncappedmarket),[4](),D,pmax(t),2pmax(t)+D;pmax(t)-D,2pmax(t)-D;pmax(t)+Dpmax(t)-D,25,,(DSM),,,3:();();(),,[25],,,,,,;,,,,,:[26],[27]:H,H,H,[28],,,6,,,,:a1,;b1EENS,EENS;c1,,;d1,,;e1,,,,1,(LiXiaogang,YanMaosong).(MarketModeandPricingMethodforAncillaryServiceMarketofOperatingReserveinChina).(AutomationofElectricPowerSystems),2000,24(9):12182,,,(YuErkeng,HanFang,XieKai,etal).(PowerMarket).:01(Beijing:ChinaElectricPowerPress),19993HarrySingh,AlexPapalexopoulos.CompetitiveProcurementofAncillaryServicesbyanIndependentSystemOperator.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1999,14(2)4CheungKW,ShamsollahiPayman,SunDavid,etal.EnergyandAncillaryServiceDispatchfortheInterimISONewEnglandElectricityMarket.IEEETransonPowerSystems,2000,15(3)5BoltonZammitMA,HillDJ,KayeRJ.DesigningAncillaryServicesMarketsforPowerSystemSecurity.IEEETransonPowerSystems,2000,15(2)6,,(ShenYu,XiaQing,KangChongqing).(ANovelModelforRestructuringofElectricPowerIndustryinChina).(AutomationofElectricPowerSystems),2000,24(4):697SiddiquiAS,MarnayChris,KhavkinMark.ExcessivePriceVolatilityintheCaliforniaAncillaryServicesMarkets:Causes,Effects,andSolutions.ElsevierScienceInc,20008HirstEric.MaximizingGeneratorProfitsAcrossEnergyandAncillary2ServicesMarkets.ElsevierScienceInc,20009,(LiFan,ZhuMin).(AnIntroductiontotheUKElectricityPoolandNGCTransmissionSystem).(AutomationofElectricPowerSystems),1999,23(2):333910HalilcevicSuad.ProceduresforDefinitionofGenerationReady2ReserveCapacity.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1998,13(2)11GhajarR,BillintonR.ComparisonofAlternativeTechniquesforEvaluatingtheMarginalOutageCostsofGeneratingSystems.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1993,8(4)12BillintonR,GhajarR.EvaluationoftheMarginalOutageCostsofGeneratingSystemsforthePurposesofSpotPricing.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1994,9(1)13ZhangSH,LiYZ.ConciseMethodforEvaluatingtheProbabilityDistributionoftheMarginalCostofPowerGeneration.IEEProceedingsGeneration,Transmission&Distribution,2000,147(3)14,(BieZhaohong,WangXifan).(TheApplicationofMonteCarloMethodtoReliabilityEvaluationofPowerSystems).(AutomationofElectricPowerSystems),1997,21(6):687315(WangXifan).(PowerSystemPlanningFundamentals).:(Beijing:ChinaElectricPowerPress),199716,,(ZhangGuoquan,WangXiuli,WangXifan).(StudyonBenefitsandCostsofSpinningReserveCapacityinPowerMarket).(AutomationofElectricPowerSystems),2000,24(21):141717,,(CaoShiguang,YangYihan,YuErkeng).(PowerOutageCostandItsEstimation).(PowerSystemTechnology),1996,20(11):727418SandraBurns,GeorgeGross.ValueofServiceReliability.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1990,5(3)19SullivanMJ,VardellTerry.InterruptionCosts,CustomerSatisfactionandExpectationsforServiceReliability.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1996,11(2)20KariukiKK,AllanRN.EvaluationofReliabilityWorthandValueofLostLoad.IEEProceedingsGeneration,Transmission&Distribution,1996,143(2)21,,(WangXifan,WangXiuli,BieZhaohong).(PowerSystemReliabilityIssuesinPowerMarketEnvironment).(AutomationofElectricPowerSystems),2000,24(4):192222AlveyTrevor,GoodwinDoug,MaXingwang,etal.ASecurity2ConstrainedBid2ClearingSystemfortheNewZealandWholesaleElectricityMarket.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1998,13(2)23RauNS.OptimalDispatchofaSystemBasedonOffersandBidsAMixedIntegerLPFormulation.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1999,14(1)24KumarJayant,ShebleGerald.FrameworkforEnergyBrokerageSystemwithReserveMarginandTransmissionLosses.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1996,11(4)25LeitedaSilvaAM,MarangonLimaJW,AndersGJ.AvailableTransmissionCapability2SellFirmorInterruptible.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1999,14(4)26GedraTW.VaraiyaPP.MarketsandPricingforInterruptibleElectricPower.IEEETransonPowerSystems,1993,8(1)27,OrenS(ZengMing,OrenS).(OptimalPlanningforPeakLeveling,DispatchingMathematicalModelandItsApplication).(ElectricPower),1997,30(1):5860