超验主义——..

Transcendentalismspeaker：OuLingxiaContents●Definition●Beliefs●Representatives●InfluenceDefinition●TranscendentalismcomesfromtheLatinwordtranscendere,whichmeanscrossingboundaries.Hence,transcendentalismisdefinedasthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively.●TranscendentalismisareligiousandphilosophicalmovementthatfirstaroseinEnglandandwasdevelopedduringthelate1820sand1830sintheEasternregionoftheUnitedStatesasaprotestagainsttheintellctualismoftheUnitarianchurch(唯一理教）andthepredestination（命定论）ofCalvinism.●ThesummitofAmericanRomanticismTranscendentalismRomanticismNatureIndividualismSubjectivity——Theloverofnatureishe...whohasretainedthespiritofinfancyevenintotheeraofmanhood.(Note9)——Yetitiscertainthatthepowertoproducethisdelightdoesnotresideinnature,butinman,orinaharmonyofboth.(Note12）Beliefs•Transcendentalistswerestrongbelieversinthepoweroftheindividualanddivinemessages.TheirbeliefsarecloselylinkedwiththoseoftheRomantics.Emerson'stransdentalism1.IndependentSpirit——Whyshouldnotwealsoenjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse?Whyshouldnotwehaveapoetryandphilosophyofinsightandnotoftradition,andareligionbyrevelationtous,andnotthehistoryoftheirs.(Note2)2.Individualism(self-reliance)——Everyman'sconditionisasolutioninhieroglyphictothoseinquireshewouldput.(Note3）——Trustthyself3.Viewofnature•natureisthesymbolofSpiritorGod•theintegrityofnature•theharmonyofhumanityandnature4.Spirit/theOversoul/UniersalBeing:anall-pervadingpowerforgoodness,omnipresent,fromwhichallthingscameandofwhichallwereapart.•thespiritofhumanbeingsisapartoftheoversoul•humanbeingscancommunicatewiththeoversoulthroughinstitution.•——Standingontheground,——myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintoinfinitespae,——allmeanegotism.Ibecomeatransparenteyeboll;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparticleofGod.(Note11)5.self-perfection•——IamnotsolitarywhilstIreadandwrite,thoughnobodyiswithme.(Note7)Representatives•TranscendentalClub(foundedin1836)RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生HenryDavidThoreau梭罗——lovingnature,breakingconvention（打破常规）andlivinginnewwaysBronsonAlcott布朗森·奥尔科特MargaretFuller玛格丽特·富勒NathanielHawthorne（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）...Influence●awholenewwayofthinking“TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.Spiritispresenteverywhere（Nature）●theindividualismofAmericanculture●agreatimpactonAmericanliteratureHawthorne（霍桑）、EmilyDickinson（艾米莉·狄金森）LouisaMayALCOTT(路易莎·奥尔科特)、Whitman（惠特曼）...References•《自由的意义——超验主义思想探析》，金衡山，外国文学，2002•《从爱默生的论自然看超验主义》，牛静，2006•《霍桑对爱默生超验主义的解构》，戚涛，外国文学，2004•《艾米莉·狄金森对超验主义的再定义》，张雪梅，外国文学研究，2005•《爱默生超验主义与中国经典儒家思想的契合》，苏仲乐，2001•《从超验主义走向个人主义——爱默生对美国文化的影响》，刘宽红，2006•百度百科&维基百科•《美国文学简史》