常见词缀词根

1I．常见前缀1．com-/con-/co-/cor-/col-=together含义：在一起——相同——动化说明：基本意义是“在一起”，因物以类聚，故有时引申为“相同”，此二者为最多。如在形容词前，一般使其变为动词，自己没有什么意义。总而言之，这是一个充满阳刚之气的构件，它是团结的、向心的、有力度的。范例：conventionconferencecongresscombatconflictcombineconductorcommemoratecompilecomposecoeducationcoexistcohabitationcooperatecollaboratecoherecoordinatecollideconcentrateconcludeconfrontconjunctionconsistconsistentconvenecontestcompetecompelcompulsorycompress*comradecontemporarycoincideconsentcolleagueconform*confirmcondense2．de-=down,downward含义：向下——向消极方向说明：基本意义是“向下”，表示运动的方向。跟汉语“走下坡路”、“江河日下”所表示出来的一样，它也意味着向消极的方向转化，可以是衰败，是郁闷，是欺骗，是萧条，是腐化——是所有消极的东西。范例：decrease,descend,decline;depressiondescribedepictdebatedepressiondecadencedecapitatedecaydeflowerdestructiondevastatedeceivedefectdeflatededucedegradedemotederivedespise2defrostdeform3．dis/di=apart,away含义：否定——分开——不同说明：表示否定，也可表示“分开”，自然引申出“不同”，所以它是一个离心性的前缀，与象征力量与团结的”con-“形成鲜明的对比。范例：disable,disadvantage;discard;differdisabledisadvantagedisagreedisapprovedisbanddisbelievediscontinuediscouragedisintegratedisheartendiscorddisfavordisinclinedisregarddiscarddisposediscretedisruptdismissdispersediffusedisputedistractdistributedivergedifferdivertdifferdistinctdistinctivedistinguishdiscerndiscriminate4.en-/em-=in/into,make/give含义：在里面/到里面——使动或给予使用等范例：enroll,enlist;enlarge,enrich;encourage,enlightenenactencounterenhanceenlargeenrichlengthenstrengthenencourageenforceenlightenentitleencaseencloseengageenlistenrollenvironment3embarkembarrass5.ex-/e-=out(of)含义：向外（出去）——超过出——范围扩展——发生——完全说明：相当于“out”,但此词多才多艺，表示相当丰富的意义。首先当然是“出去”或“向外”，引申出“超过”、“超出”。它还可用于事物发展的全过程。“破土而出”，可指事物“发生”；向外发展，可指范围扩大；出局即结束，故可指“完毕”、“结束”。范例：export;exceed;extend;erupt;exhaustexampleexceptexchangeexcludeexecuteexhibitexpelexitexpectexplainexplicitexposeexteriorexternalextort*extrinsiceducateejectelaborateelecteliminateevidenteventeruptionevokeexceedexcelexaggerateexpandexhaustexpireextinguishexterminate/eliminate6.in-/im-=in,into,on含义：在里面/到里（上）面说明：望文生义即可，大致相当于单词“in”范例：inborn/innate,insectinbornincidentinclineincomeindoorinduceindulgeinfectinflameinfluenceinfuseinjectinletinnateinquireinscribeinsectinsertinsightinspectintake4intricateintuitioninvadeinvestigateinvolveimmigrateimplyimportimposeimprison(intra-/intro-=within,inward(与extra-相反))*intra-school*intravenousintroduceintrospectintrovert7.in-/im-/ir-/ig-=negative=not含义：否定说明：意思单一，形式随着主词首字母的变化而多种多样。范例：inaudible,impossible,illegal,ignoble,irrationalinaccessibleinadequateinaudibleincomparableinconsistentinequalityinfamousignobleignorantillegal*illicitilliterateillogicalimmatureimmortalimpartialirrationalirregularirrelevantirremediableirreligiousirresistibleirresponsible8．inter-/enter-/intel-=between,among含义：在/到„„之间说明：两者之间，引申出“相互”、“干扰”、“拦截”、“过渡”等意。范例：international,interruptinterceptinterchangeinterfereinteriminternationalinterplay5interpretinterruptintervene9．over-=above,across,beyond含义：在„„之上/外——超过/过度——跨越说明：“在„„之上/外”，静态的引申为超过，超过所需的即为过度，动态的引申为“跨越”、“克服”等。范例：overcoat,overdo,overcomeovercoatoverwhelmoverlookoverburdenovercrowdedoverdooverestimateovereatoverflowovercomeovernightoverseas10．per-=through,thoroughly,away含义：完全——透过/永远说明：根本意义为“完全”、“彻底”。空间上往往带有“穿透”的意思；时间上是“从头至尾”“永远”；程度上则是“完全”。范例：perspective,perseverance,perfectpermanentperpetualpersistpersevere*perennialpermeatepervadeperspectiveperspirationperceiveperfectperplex11．pre-=before含义：在„„之前说明：意义集中，由基本意义可引申出“占优势“或”盛行“之类的意思。范例：president,predictprecautionprecedeprecludepredecessorpredictprefacepreferpregnantprefabricateprehistoricprejudicepreliminary6preparepresideprescribepresentpreservepresumepretendprevailprevalentpreventpreviouspreviewprerequisite12．pro-=forward含义：向前——向积极方向发展说明：向前，总是件好事，于是借指进步喜人的趋势，可指提升、获利、生产等。范例：prospect,proceed,promoteproceedprogressprojectprologuepropelproposeprospectprovokeproficientprofitpromoteprotectprovide13．re-=again,back含义：再——返回/恢复说明：两大基本意义，看似互不相关，其实彼此之间有一定联系。回过头去，不就是再来一次吗？相当于“back”时，汉语可有多种说法，但万变不离其宗，无非是“回”、“复”、“反”、“抗”等。用于行为，有时还可指“不做”，用于数量是减少。往回走表示一点消极意义，也属正常。范例：repeat,rehearse;reflect,restorerevisereviverebelreciterecognizereconcilerecordrecurrecreationredundantreformrefreshrefrigeratorrehearserenewrepeatreproachrequireresumereinforcereiteratereunionregressrecede7refuserejectrenounceretortrememberrecallremorserepentremedyreclaimreflectrepelreplyreportresistrespectrestoreretaliate/revengereturnretirerevealrevenuerevokerevoltrelaxrelieverestrainrefrainreluctantreduce(retro-=backward)*retroact*retroflex*retrograde*retrospect14．sub-=under含义：在„„下面——从属——承受说明：由空间上处于下风，引申为地位或重要性等而下之等。用于动词，常包含忍受或使承受某物之意。范例：subway,subordinate,subjectsubdividesubconscioussubmarinesubmergesubscribesubstancesubstitutesubtitlesuburbsubwaysucceedsuffersustainsupportsuppresssuspectsubduesubmitsubjectsubjugate815．super-/sur-/sop-/sove-=above,over含义：在„„之上——超过——跨越说明：类似于over范例：surface,surcharge,surmountsuperbsuperficialsuperfluoussuperiorsuperstructuresupervisesupremesovereignsurfacesurnamesurvey/surveillance*sopranosupermansupernaturalsurplussurchargesurmountsurpasssurvivesupersonic16．tele-=faroff含义：远范例：television,telephonetelevisiontelegramtelegraphtelephonetelescopetelecommunica