高考专项提高之虚拟语气

虚拟语气•虚拟语气总述：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望/假设/猜测/或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。•用法1.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句。•（1）与现在事实相反。•IfIhadtime,Iwouldgotothecinemawithyou.•（2）与过去事实相反。•Ifhehadcaughtthefirstbusthismorning,hewouldnothavebeenlateforclass.•（3）与将来事实相反。•Ifitwereto/shouldraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句条件从句中的谓语动词的形式主句中的谓语动词的形式与现在事实相反过去式（be→were)should/would/could/might+动词原形与现在事实相反had+过去分词should/would+have+过去分词与将来事实相反1.过去式should/would/could/might+动词原形2.should+动词原形3.wereto+动词原形注意：主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would可用于任何人称，同时也可根据意思用情态动词could/might等代替should/would。(4)有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生的时间是不一致的（如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的）。这时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。(错综时间条件句)1.Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavourable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.2.Ifyouwereinbetterhealth,wewouldhaveallowedyoutojointheminthework.3.Ifwehadn’tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow(5)以上句型可以转换成下列形式:A.若if从句中有were/had/should，可把它们倒装放到主语之前，省略if.句式:were/had/should+主语+其它成分.WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.Shouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,Iwouldcome.B.用介词短语代替条件状语从句.例如:Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.Iwouldnothavesucceededbutforyourhelp.2.虚拟语气用于宾语从句（1）“wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，“可惜…/悔不该…/但愿…”从句中谓语动词形式：与现在事实相反：动词过去式与过去事实相反:had+done或could(would)+have+done与将来事实相反：could/would+do例如：Iwishyoutoldmeearlier.Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.Iwishwecouldgototheseasidetoday/tomorrow(2)虚拟语气在动词:insist（坚持）/demand/desire/request/require/order/propose/command/ask/advise/prefer/suggest（建议）arrange等后面的宾语从句中，用“（should）+动词原形”。如：Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.Theydemandedthattheblackpeople(should)betreatedaswellaswhitepeople.Iinsistedthatyougivememoneyback.Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.Thegirlinsistedthatshegavemethemoneytheotherday.Isuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Herpalefacesuggestedthatshewasill.3.虚拟语气用于表语从句/同位语从句.作advice/idea/order/demand/plan/proposal/suggestion/request等后面的宾语从句和同位语从句，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“（should)+动词原形”.例如：Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingforsightseeing.Myideaisthathe(should)doexercisesfirst.4。虚拟语气用于以asif/asthough引导的表语从句或状语从句.谓语动词的形式有三种：asif/asthough引导的表语/状语从句从句中谓语动词的形式1.从句表示与现在事实相反谓语动词用一般过去式2.从句表示与过去事实相反had+过去分词3.从句表示与将来事实相反would/might/could+动词原形例如：HelookedatmeasifIweremad.HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland.Itlooksasifitmightrain.但asif/asthough后的从句也常用陈述语气，这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的。例如：Itlooksasifoursideisgoingtowin.5.虚拟语气用于主语从句。•在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“should+动词原形”的结构，表示惊讶/不相信/惋惜/理应如此等。例如：•Itisnecessary(important/natural/desirable想要的/advisable明智的/合理的/适当的/可行的/strange,etc.)thatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.•Itwasapity(ashame/nowonder,etc.)thatyoushouldbesocareless.•Itwillbedesired(suggested/decided/ordered/requested/proposed,etc.)thatsheshouldfinishherhomeworkthisafternoon.•在上述三种主语从句中，should意为“应该/竟然”，可以省去，但不可换用would。主句所用动词的时态不限。•注意:这种从句表示的事实。如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇，就用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇，that从句也可用陈述语气。例如:•Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.•Itisapitythatyoucan’tswim.•6.虚拟语气用于定语从句．•这种从句常用“Itis(high)time(that)…”在句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或should＋动词原形(should不能省略,be用were来)表示，意为“（现在）该…”例如：ItistimethatIwentandpickedupmylittlegirlfromschool.Itishightimeweweregoing.7.虚拟语气用于ifonly引导的感叹句：IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.IfonlyIwereabird.8.虚拟语气用于Ifitwerenotfor…．此结构意为“如果没有…”，表示与现在事实相反的假设．Ifithadnotbeenfor…“如果当时没有…”，表示与过去事实相反的假设．例如：Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropsshould/woulddie.Ifithadnotbeenforyourtimelyhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.9.虚拟语气在wouldrather后面的从句中：A.从句用过去时指现在。B.从句用过去时指将来。C.从句用过去完成时指过去。例如：Iwouldratheryoupaidmenow.Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.I’drathershehadn’tdonethat.10.虚拟语气用于简单句。A.表示说话人谦虚/客气/有礼貌，是语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。例如：Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.Wouldyoubekindenoughtoopenthedoor?B.用于一些习惯表达法中。例如：Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?Youhadbettergonow.C.用“may+动词原形”，表示“祝愿/但愿”。May须置于句首。例如:Mayyoubehappy!Mayyousucceed!11.含蓄条件句．在某些虚拟语气结构中没有if条件句，虚拟条件是用其它形式表现出来，这种现象在语法上称为“含蓄条件句”．具体分为一下几种情况：1）通过动词不式短语表示条件．例如：Youwouldbeafooltorefusehisoffer.(=Ifyoushouldrefusehisoffer,youwouldbeafool.)2)通过介词短语表达条件．例如：ButforthestormIwouldhavearrivedmuchearlier.(=Ifithadnotbeenthestorm…)3)通过连词otherwise/or/but/that/though/once等表达条件．例如：•Shecametotownyesterday,otherwise/orIwouldnothavemether.(=ifshehadnotcome)•Iwouldhaveattendedthemeeting,butIhavebeentoobusy.(=…ifIhadnotbeentoobusy)•4)通过Wereitnotfor…或•Haditnotbeenfor…等句式表达条件．例如：•Wereitnotfor(=Ifitwerenotfor)theleadershipoftheParty,wecouldnotliveahappylife.•Haditnotbeenfor(=Ifithadnotbeenfor)theleadershipoftheParty,weshouldhavefailed.•5)通过分词短语表达条件．例如：Givenmoreattention,thecropscouldhavegrownbetter.(=Iftheyhadbeengivenmore…)6)无词句暗示条件．例如：Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.这种错误本来可以避免的．(暗含条件从句ifwehadbeenmorecareful.)Itwassoquiet,youcouldhaveheardapindrop.是那样的安静，掉根针你都听得见．(暗含条件从句ifithaddroppedtotheground.)注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用begoingto表示将来，该用shall,will.(错)Ifyouleavenow,youarenevergoingtoregretit.(对)Ifyouleavenow,youwillneverregretit.2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。典型例题•1.Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoff•ifit___.A.willrainB.rains•C.rainedD.israined注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用w