Unit 1 An Introduction

Unit1AnIntroductionContentsCultureCommunicationInterculturalCommunication1.Defineculturefromdifferentperspectives“Cultureisacomplexintegrity,whichincludesknowledge,belief,art,moral,law,customandotherabilityandhabitwhichpeopleobtainasthememberofthesociety.”(E.B.Tylor,1871)“文化或文明，就其广泛的民族学意义来讲，是一复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。”1.DefineculturefromdifferentperspectivesFromAnthropologicPerspectiveCultureis“everythingthatpeoplehave,think,anddoasmembersofasociety.”(Ferraro,1995)Components:materialobjects;beliefsandvaluesystems;behaviorpatterns1.DefineculturefromdifferentperspectivesFromIntellectualPerspectiveAccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureistheartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively.从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。1.DefineculturefromdifferentperspectivesFromPsychologicalPerspectiveCultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother.从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。1.DefineculturefromdifferentperspectivesFromInterculturalCommunicationPerspectiveCultureisalearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.文化是习得的一套关于信仰、价值观念和规范的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观念和规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。2.CharacteristicsofCultureCultureislearnedCultureisusuallyacquiredunconsciouslyCultureissharedamongitsmembers2.CharacteristicsofCultureCulturemanifestsitselfbothimplicitlyandexplicitlyCultureischangeableCultureaffectsbehaviorsCultureinvolvesbeliefs,valuesandnorms.Mecca3.SubcultureAsubcultureisasegmentofsocietythatsharesadistinctivepatternofnorms,folkways,andvaluesthatdiffersfromthepatternofthelargersociety.Inasense,asubculturecanbethoughtofasacultureexistingwithinalarger,dominantculture.当一个社会的某一群体形成一种既包括主文化的某些特征，又包括一些其他群体所不具备的文化要素的生活方式时，这种群体文化被称为亚文化。4.AcculturationAcculturationreferstoanindividual’slearningandadoptingthenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。4.AcculturationCategoriesofacculturation:SeparationandsegregationIntegrationAssimilationMarginalization(deculturation)Culturereferstowhatpeoplehave,thinkanddoasmembersofasociety.cultureMaterialobjectsBeliefsandValuesystemsBehaviorpatternsCulturealwaysvariesfromonegroupofpeopletoanother.Religions—ChristianityorBuddhismDifferenceincustomsDifferenceinartsDefinitionofCommunicationCommunicationisderivedfromtheLatinwordcommunicare,meaningtosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.II.CommunicationWarm-ups:Brainstormthefactorsthatcomprisethecommunicationprocess?ComponentsofCommunicationAandBaretwostudentsintheclassroomacoupleofminutesbeforetheclassbegins:A:Hi,Bob,areyoudoinganythingtonight?B:No,why?A:I’vegottwoticketsfortheLionKing.Liketogowithme?B:Sure.(Teacherenters.Blowershisvoice)When?A:Shh,let’stalkafterclass.Communicationistheprocessinwhichonepartygivesthemessagethatisreceivedbytheotherparty.Communicationreferstotheshareorexchangeofinformation,ideas,feelingsandsoon.SourceReceiverMessageReceiverSourceABMessageComponentsofCommunicationSourceEncodingMessageChannelNoiseDecodingReceiverresponseFeedbackContextAttributesofcommunicationItisabornneed.Itisbothverbalornonverbal.Itissymbolic.Itisinteractive.Itisirreversible.Itcanbeeitherconstructiveordestructivetoarelation.III.InterculturalcommunicationInterculturalcommunicationoccurswheneverthereiscommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.InterculturalcommunicationIV.CultureShock留学生李英初次出国，到达美国不久被朋友请去参加一个聚会。他准时参加，但却发现很多人都姗姗来迟，穿得也很随便。在聚会上，有几种饮料和一些简单的食物，但是没有什么像样的菜。聚会上熟人很少，好不容易见到了马克，于是与他攀谈起来，谈了大约十来分钟，马克说他要和另一个朋友去谈谈，就走开了，李英十非常失望。聚会的主人把他介绍给一两个人，然后就再也不管他了。两个钟头以后，他借故离开了聚会。回到家，他还很饿，不得不煮些面条吃。他决心以后再也不参加这类聚会了。CultureShockCultureshockreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。Cultureshockoccurswheneverythingthatwasfamiliartoyou—language,food,values,beliefsandevensuchtake-for-grantedincidentsasmealtimesandsleeppatterns—vanishes.DearSusan,Thisisafantasticplace!Somanyinterestingthingstosee,suchascherryflowersandMt.Fuji.Evenwanderingthestreetisadelightwithallthebustleandflowofvariouscars.IamreallyhappyIcame.LoveThomasDearSusan,I’mreallyfeelingfedupwithmylifehereandlongingforhome.Gettinganythingdoneoverhereisanightmare—itseemsthatpeoplehereevendon’tknowhowtosmile!Theyarejustunhelpful.AndontopofallIfeelsleepyallthetime,seemingtohavelostallmyzest.ThomasDearSusan,Lifehereseemsnotsobadafterall.Peoplearequiteniceonceyougettoknowthemalittlebetterandbegintofigureouttheirwayoflookingatthings.LoveThomasDearSusan,Howtimefiles!ThereareonlytendaystogobeforemyreturntoAmerica.I’vebeenthinkingaboutyourquestionaboutwhatIfindstrangestaboutlivinginJapan—butthetroubleisI’vebeenheresolongandhavesettledintothewayoflifesomuchthateverythingseemsperfectlyordinary!Ifyouwanttofindoutyou’llhavetocomeouttoseeforyourselfwithafreshpairofeyes.Icanbeyourguide.Howmanystages?the“honeymoon”stagethecri