旅游经济学-8--employment-and-income-creation

Chapter8employmentandincomecreation就业与收入1.旅游收入的概念tourismincome旅游收入是指旅游目的地国家或地区在一定时间内（以年度、季度、月度为单位），从旅游产品的销售中所得到的全部货币收入的总和。（1）旅游收入体现着旅游业对国民经济的贡献（2）旅游收入体现了货币回笼和创汇的状况（3）旅游收入反映了旅游经济活动的成果2.旅游收入的分类（1）按旅游收入来源划分为国际旅游收入和国内旅游收入①国内旅游收入。主要是指旅游目的地国家或地区的旅游经营部门和企业，因经营国内旅游业务，向国内旅游者提供产品和服务而取得的本国货币收入的总和。②国际旅游收入。主要是旅游目的地国家或地区的旅游经营部门和企业，因经营国际旅游业务，向外国旅游者提供旅游产品和旅游服务等所取得的外国货币收入，通常被称为旅游外汇收入。TravelreceiptsandpaymentsForclarity,wecannowdistinguishbetweentravelpaymentsandtourismpaymentsinexternalaccounts.Here,travelpaymentsaredefinedasmoneypaidforinternationalcarriagetoandfromdestinations—primarilyairfares.Weshalldefinetourismpaymentsasmoneyspentongoodsandservicesindestinationcountries:’ground’servicesTravelisclearlyaservice,andthereforetravelpaymentsarepartofinvisibles.Oneoftheproblems,however,isthattourismdestinationsmayreceivenothingfromtravel.AtouristwhoisresidentincountryAandvisitingcountryBmaytravelonanairlinebasedincountryA,oronebasedincountryB,orinmanycasesonebasedinthirdcountryC.Onlong-haulroutesthetouristmayindeedusemorethanoneairline,basedinmorethanonecountry.Thereasonslieinbilateralairagreements,competition,andcomplexityoftouristitineraries.First,AandBwillhaveabilateralagreementtosharedirecttrafficbetweentheircountriesamongsttheirowncountries’airlines.Thisusesthirdandfourthfreedomrightsoftheair.Secondly,atouristmaywanttovisitbothcountriesBandC,andgiventhesamefreedomsthereisanoptiontousecountryC’sairlineontwosectors.Thirdly,countryD’sairlinemaybeusingfifthandsixthfreedomrightstograbamarketshareoftrafficfromAtoBbyofferingavirtualthroughserviceviaitsowncountry.Totakeanexample:Australia,throughitsmaininternationalairlineQantas,doesnotearnverymuchatallonthetravelaccountfromtouristsarrivingfromtheUK.In1993:30%ofUnitedKingdomtouristsusedQantas27%usedBritishAirways;8%usedSingaporeAirlines;35%usedothermeans(mostlyAsianairlines)SingaporeandotherAsianairlinesareclearlyinthepositionofcountryD;thedestinationcountryB(Austrilia)receivesonlyaboutonethirdoftotaltravelpaymentsinthismarket.TourismreceiptsandpaymentsAccommodationandfood;Domestictransport;Tours/excursionsand‘entrancetoattractions’SouvenirsanddailynecessitiesOnarrivalindestinations,touristspurchasegoodsandservices(groundcontent)withmoneypresumablybroughtwiththemandexchanged.Thebroadcategoriesofproductboughtare:Asdiscussedinchapter8,oneofthemainconcernsofadestinationcountryiswhetheritownsthemeanstoproduce,andactuallyproduces,theabovegoodsandservicesitself.Inmanycases,thisisbecomingincreasinglydifficultasmultinationalenterprisesandorganisationsbasedintouristgeneratorssupplyortakeoversupplyoftheseproducts.Wethereforeseeaflowofforeignexchangeearningsontourismproductssoldindestinationstocountrieswhichthemselvesarenotdestinations,butwhichprovideresources,particularlycapital,totourismproductionelsewhere.2.旅游收入的分类（2）按旅游需求弹性划分为基本旅游收入和非基本旅游收入①基本旅游收入。通常是指在旅游过程中，旅游目的地国家或地区的旅游部门和企业通过向旅游者提供旅游交通、食宿、游览景点等旅游产品和服务所获得的货币收入的总和。公式表示：R=N·Q·T其中：R——基本旅游收入；N——旅游者人次数；Q——旅游者人均消费支出；T——旅游者逗留时间。②非基本旅游收入。是旅游者在旅游过程中可能发生的各种费用支出。（3）按旅游收入构成划分为商品性旅游收入和劳务性旅游收入①商品性旅游收入。主要指为旅游者提供物质形式的旅游产品而得到的收入，包括销售旅游商品和提供餐饮等所获得的收入。②劳务性旅游收入。一般是指为旅游者提供各种劳务性服务而获得的收入，包括旅行社的业务费收入、住宿费、交通费、邮政通讯费、文化娱乐费以及其它各项费用收入。（4）按时间长短将旅游收入划分为年度和季度收入3、影响旅游收入的因素（1）接待旅游者人数（2）旅游者支付能力与平均消费水平（3）旅游产品质量和旅游资源的吸引力（4）旅游者在旅游目的地的停留时间（5）旅游目的地的旅游价格（6）外汇汇率（7）旅游统计因素4.thedistributionofnationalincome收入分配4.1旅游收入的初次分配4.2旅游收入的再分配旅游收入再分配的具体流向：（1）旅游收入中上缴政府的各类税金构成政府的财政预算收入（2）旅游收入中支付给旅游从业人员个人的报酬部分。（3）旅游收入中的企业自留利润分为公积金和公益金两部分。4.2旅游收入的再分配5.thedirectvalueoftourismtoemploymentoffactors旅游对就业的直接价值5.1thedirectvalueofdomestictourism国内旅游的直接经济价值5.2thedirectvalueofinternationaltourism国际旅游的直接经济价值5.3thedirectvalueoftravelandtourismingeneratingareas旅游对客源地的直接经济价值5.1thedirectvalueofdomestictourism国内旅游的直接经济价值Ifdomestictouristsspreadtheiractivityspatially,thereisaredistributiveeffectonincomeandemployment.Concentrationor‘localisation’oftouristscanbemeasured,andhighlylocaliseddomestictourismtendstocreatelocalexcessdemand,priceincrease,andmayactuallyreducerealincomesindestinationareas.Ifdestinationareasstartwithunderemploymentandcomparativelylowincomes,tourismwillcreateemploymentandmayraiseincomes,dependingonthestructureofthetourismlabourmarket.Thismeans:·Therecanbeareductioningovernmentspendingasunemploymentpayoutsarereduced;·Theremaybeanincreaseintaxationrevenuefromnewlyearnedincomes,althoughthisdependsonthreshholdtaxratesandtheopportunityuseoftourists’expenditure；·Marginalpropensitiestosavemayfallslightly,astourists’spendingtransfersincometolesswell-offrecipientswhowouldtendtohaveahigherpropensitytoconsume.Thefourthquestionfrequentlyprovidesakeytolong-termdevelopmentoftourismdestinationsandhencetothespatialredistributionofeconomicactivity.Touristshavevisitedcoastaldestinationsinmanycountries,likedthem,andretiredthere—providingapermanentdemandbase.Otherswhoareentrepreneursin‘footloose’（随遇而安的）industriesmaydecidetorelocatetheirbusinessestopleasantareastheyhavevisitedastourists;5.2thedirectvalueofinternationaltourismdemonstrationeffects示范效应pressureonpricelev