word-meaning

WordMeaningandSemanticRelations什么是词义感知sensation+知觉perception+表象representation=概念concept→sign词的意义•Triangleofsignificance（词义三角）Meaning(Concept)WordFormReferent………….Howdowordsgetmeaning?Wordshavenomeaning,peoplehavemeaningforthem.------EricPartridgeConventionalityandMotivationConventionalityMostEnglishwordsareconventional,arbitrarysymbols.Thereisnoconnectionbetweenthewordformanditsmeaning.Conventionalitydom(Russian)fangzi(Chinese)maison(French)house(English)casa(Spanish)Arbitrary(任意的):youcanuseawordtomeananything,andthethingbecomesthemeaningofthewordbyconventionality.“What’sinaname?thatwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet…Romeo,doffthynameAndforthatname,whichisnotpartoftheeTakeallmyself.”(Shakespeare，RomeoandJuliet)“姓名本来是没有意义的；我们叫做玫瑰的这种花，要是换了个名字，它的香味还是同样的芳香……赔偿你这一个身外的空名。”（根据朱生豪译文）词的理据词的意义和形式之间没有必然的联系，它们之间的关系是约定俗成的。(conventionality)1)毫无联系的隐性词(opaquewords)2)有理据的显性词(transparentwords)所谓词的理据是指词与词义之间的联系，也就是语言符号与客观事物和现实联系的依据。Motivation(理据)ThemajorityofEnglishwordsarenon-motivated,sincetheyarearbitrarysymbols.SomeEnglishwordsaremotivatedsymbols.Thereissomeconnectionbetweenthewordformanditsmeaning.MotivationWordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledechoicoronomatopoeicwords,whosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.Theyshowacloserelationofsoundandmeaning.Manyonomatopoeicwordsimitatenaturalsounds.Someonomatopoeicwordsarenotcompletelymotivated.TypesofmotivationOnomatopoeicmotivationMorphologicalmotivationSemanticmotivationLogicalmotivationOnomatopoeicwordsmewwoofQuackhiss“鹊”、“鸦”“何以言鹊？谓其音错错也，何以言鸦？谓其音亚亚也。”（章炳麟：《语言缘起说》）MorphologicalmotivationWesaythewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.Thisiscalledmorphologicalmotivation.（形态理据）Derivationalwordsaremorphologicallymotivated.Ifoneknowsthemeaningoftheaffixandthebase,thenonecanimmediatelytellthemeaningoftheword.Compoundswordsmaybemorphologicallymotivatedtoo.Themeaningsofwordslikegood-looking,spaceman,moonscape,daydreamandmanyothersderivefromthecombinedmeaningofthecomponentparts.Onethingworthpointingoutisthatthemorphemes,thecomponentpartsofthesewordsarethemselvesconventional.SemanticmotivationSemanticmotivation（语义理据）referstothementalassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.Hereitisthefigurativeusagethatprovidesthesemanticmotivation.Examples:Whenwespeakofastonyheartwearecomparingtheheartwithastone.whenwesaythelegofatable,wearecomparingthetable’slegwithoneofthelowerlimbsofahumanbeing.TypesofsemanticmotivationMetaphorMetonymySynecdocheAnalogyMetaphorMetaphor（隐喻）isafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison.Itisasimilewithoutlikeoras.MetaphorTheworldisastage.Aseaoftroubles;atideofpopularapplause.Thecityisajunglewherenobodyissafeafterthedark.MetonymyMetonymy（借代）isthedeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes.Thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.MetonymyThehallapplauded.IhaveneverreadLiBai.Thepenismightierthanthesword.Hesucceededtothecrown.UncleSam;thePentagon;Hollywood;theWhiteHouse;SynecdocheSynecdoche（提喻）meansusingapartforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathing,orviceversa,thewholeforapart.SynecdocheThereareabout500handsworkinginthisfactory.Thisnewspaper—andprobablythecountry—willwaititstimeandseehowthenewfacesperformbeforejudgingthem.Toearnone’sbreadHeisaclevercreature.AnalogyAnalogy（类比）isaprocesswherebywordsorphrasesarecreatedinimitationofexistingpatternsinthelanguage.Themotivationisthatthemeaningorsenseofthecreatedwordsharessimilaritywiththeexistinglanguagepattern.AnalogyColor:blacklist---whitelist(白名单指经认可或批准事项的一览表；将...列入优良者名单）;graylist（不受欢迎的人物、书刊及电影等的名单，较黑名单程度稍轻）;blue-collarworkers---white-collarworkersNumber:theFirstWorld---theSecondWorld,theThirdworld,theFourthWorldPlaceandspace:landscape---moonscape,marscape;;spaceman---earthman,moonmanBluecollar”蓝领“大多指产业工人、农场工人、服务行业的工人等，他们从事体力劳动，常穿蓝色工作服，故被称为蓝领工人。Redcollarworker“红领”指在机关、企业、学校和科研部门从事打字、整理档案、日常接待工作的文秘人员。她们大多是正值芳龄、喜着红装的青年女子，因此被称为“红领工人”。Pink-collarworker“粉领”本来也指做传统上属于妇女的工作的那一部分女人，比如文书、秘书、打字员等等，现在常用来表示在家里上班的时尚女人。Gray-collarworker“灰领”是指技术水平和知识水平都很高的复合型人才，他们既能动手又能动脑，所以深受市场欢迎。Gold-collarworker“金领”是社会精英高度集中的阶层，他们受过良好的教育，有一定的工作经验、经营策划能力、专业技能和一定社会关系资源，年薪数十万。Green-collarworker“绿领”是指环境工作者，他们的职责就是让我们的生活多一片绿色。Black-collarworker“黑领”是指煤矿工人或石油工人，虽然有幽默委婉的成分，倒也恰如其分。Scarlet-collarworker“猩红领”则比较暧昧，是指经营色情网络站点的女人Newcollarworker“新领”大致指年龄在20至40之间的中青年工人。他们年轻力壮，但由于资历浅，工资、待遇不高；Frayed-collarworker“破领”是指入不敷出的穷工人Open-collarworker“开领”这个说法比较新潮，指的是穿着随便的，在家里通过使用电脑办公的人，也称SOHO族（smalloffice,homeoffice）。Dog-collarworker”狗领“是指牧师，则有点匪夷所思，不知道这个词形成的理据是什么。AnalogySimilarity:missilegap---generationgap,developmentgap,incomegap,credibilitygapAntonym:hotline---coldline;babyboom---babybust;nightmare---daymare;cold-war---hotwar;high-rise---low-risegap组合词的始祖恐怕是missilegap了。该词组创于一九六○年美国总统大选期间，用来表示美、苏两国火箭武器力量的均势已被打破，苏联已开始占优。故此，missilegap可译为“导弹力量差距”。gap在这里不译为“沟”，否则会使词组的含意不明确。missilegap流行开去之后，几个模仿此