发动机英文翻译

发动机将内能转化成动能的机构称之为发动机，汽车发动机的形式主要是以气缸和活塞作为转换机构的内燃机。根据燃料以及点火形式的不同可分为汽油机或柴油机，或有以氢气、天然气、石油气为燃料的发动机，其燃烧形式与汽油机差异较小。根据工作循环与活塞冲程特性划分，又可分为两冲程与四冲程发动机，EngineTobeabletotranslateintokineticenergyofthebodyknownastheengine,carengineisthemainformofthecylinderandpistonofinternalcombustionengineasaconversionmechanism.Accordingtothefuelandignitionformscanbedividedintodifferentgasolineengineoradieselengine,orhydrogen,naturalgas,petroleumgasasfueltotheengine,thegasolineenginecombustionformandsmallerdifferences.Accordingtotheworkingcycleandpistonstrokecharacteristics,andcanbedividedintotwostrokeandfourstrokeengine,四冲程汽车发动机主要有气缸、活塞、活塞连杆、曲轴、配气机构（气门、凸轮轴等）、火花塞（汽油机）、缸内喷油嘴（柴油机，以及带有缸内直喷技术的汽油机）、机油泵及机油循环、水泵及水循环，另有一系列传感器以及ECU等众多部件组成。Fourstrokeenginemaincylinder,piston,pistonconnectingrod,crankshaft,valve(valve,camshaft),asparkplug(gasolineengine),in-cylinderfuelinjector(dieselengine,aswellaswithin-cylinderdirectinjectiongasolineengine),oilpumpandoilcirculation,waterpumpandwatercirculation,anotherseriesofsensorsandECUandmanyothercomponents.内燃发动机的构造及工作原理Thestructureandworkingprincipleofinternalcombustionengine往复活塞式内燃机的工作腔称作气缸，气缸内表面为圆柱形。在气缸内作往复运动的活塞通过活塞销与连杆的一端铰接，连杆的另一端则与曲轴相连，构成曲柄连杆机构。因此，当活塞在气缸内作往复运动时，连杆便推动曲轴旋转，或者相反。同时，工作腔的容积也在不断的由最小变到最大，再由最大变到最小，如此循环不已。气缸的顶端用气缸盖封闭。在气缸盖上装有进气门和排气门，进、排气门是头朝下尾朝上倒挂在气缸顶端的。通过进、排气门的开闭实现向气缸内充气和向气缸外排气。进、排气门的开闭由凸轮轴控制。凸轮轴由曲轴通过齿形带或齿轮或链条驱动。进、排气门和凸轮轴以及其他一些零件共同组成配气机构。通常称这种结构形式的配气机构为顶置气门配气机构。现代汽车内燃机无一例外地都采用顶置气门配气机构。构成气缸的零件称作气缸体，支承曲轴的零件称作曲轴箱，气缸体与曲轴箱的连铸体称作机体。Reciprocatingpistoninternalcombustionengineworkingchambercalledthecylinder,theinnersurfaceofthecylinder.Inthecylinderforreciprocatingmotionofthepistonthroughthepistonpinandoneendoftheconnectingrodishinged,theotherendoftheconnectingrodisconnectedwiththecrankshaft,formthecrankconnectingbarmechanism.Therefore,whenthepistoninthecylinderforreciprocatingmotion,theconnectingroddrivesthecrankshafttorotate,ortheopposite.Atthesametime,aworkingchambervolumeisalsoconstantlyfromthesmallesttothelargest,againbythemaximumtominimum,sothecycle.Thetopendofthecylinderbycylinderlidclosure.Thecoverofthecylinderisprovidedwiththeinletvalveandexhaustvalve,intake,exhaustvalveheaddowntailupupsidedowninthecylindertop.Throughtheinlet,exhaustvalveopeningandclosingtowithinthecylindertocylinderexhaustgasand.Inlet,exhaustvalveopeningandclosingiscontrolledbyacamshaft.Camshaftbythecrankshaftviaatoothedbeltoragearorchaindrive.Inlet,exhaustvalveandthecamshaftandotherpartscomposedofgasdistributionmechanism.Oftencalledthestructuralformofthegasdistributionmechanismforoverheadvalvemechanism.Moderncarenginesareinvariablyusesoverheadvalvemechanism.Toformthecylinderpartscalledcylinderbody,supportingthecrankshaftpartscalledthecrankcase,cylinderblockandcrankcasecastingbodyknownasthebody.工作原理一、四冲程汽油机工作原理四冲程往复活塞式内燃机在四个活塞行程内完成进气、压缩、作功和排气等四个过程，即在一个活塞行程内只进行一个过程。因此，活塞行程可分别用四个过程命名。1.进气行程活塞在曲轴的带动下由上止点移至下止点。此时排气门关闭，进气门开启。在活塞移动过程中，气缸容积逐渐增大，气缸内形成一定的真空度。空气和汽油的混合物通过进气门被吸入2.进气行程结束后，曲轴继续带动活塞由下止点移至上止点。这时，进、排气门均关闭。随着活塞移动，气缸容积不断减小，气缸内的混合气被压缩，其压力和温度同时升高。3.作功行程压缩行程结束时，安装在气缸盖上的火花塞产生电火花，将气缸内的可燃混合气点燃，火焰迅速传遍整个燃烧室，同时放出大量的热能。燃烧气体的体积急剧膨胀，压力和温度迅速升高。在气体压力的作用下，活塞由上止点移至下止点，并通过连杆推动曲轴旋转作功。这时，4.排气行程开始，排气门开启，进气门仍然关闭，曲轴通过连杆带动活塞由下止点移至上止点，此时膨胀过后的燃烧气体(或称废气)在其自身剩余压力和在活塞的推动下，经排气门排出气缸之外。当活塞到达上止点时，排气行程结束，排气门关闭。WorkingprincipleOne,fourstrokegasolineengineworkingprincipleFourstrokereciprocatingpistoninternalcombustionengineinthefourpistontraveltocompletetheintake,compression,powerandexhaustfourprocesses,i.e.inapistontravelonlyaprocess.Therefore,thestrokeofthepistonarefourprocessesnamed.In1theintakestrokeThecrankshaftinapistondrivenbytheTDCtobdc.Whenclosingtheexhaustvalve,intakevalveopening.Intheprocessofmovingpiston,cylindervolumegraduallyincreases,thecylindertoformcertainvacuumdegree.Themixtureofairandgasolinethroughtheintakevalveissuckedintothecylinder,andthecylinderisfurthermixedtoformacombustiblemixture.2compressionstrokeAftertheintakestroke,thecrankshaftcontinuestodrivethepistononlybytheshiftofthetopdeadpoint.Atthistime,inlet,exhaustvalvesareclosed.Alongwiththemovementofthepiston,thecylindervolumedecreases,mixinggasinthecylinderiscompressed,itspressureandtemperatureincrease.3powerstrokeTheendofthecompressionstroke,mountedonthecylinderheadofthesparkplugtoproducethespark,thecylinderandmixedflammablegasignition,flamespreadrapidlythroughthecombustionchamber,andreleasealotofheat.Combustiongasandtherapidexpansionofthevolume,pressureandtemperatureriserapidly.Undertheactionoftheairpressure,thepistonfromTDCtoBDC,andthroughtheconnectingrodtodrivethecrankshafttorotatetowork.Then,in,theexhaustvalveremainsclosed.The4exhauststrokeExhauststroke,exhaustvalveopen,theintakevalveremainsclosed,thecrankshaftthroughaconnectingrodpistondrivenonlybytheshiftofupperstoppoint,theexpansionafterthecombustiongas(orgas)initsownresidualpressureandthepistondrivenbytheexhaustvalve,cylinder.Whenthepistonreachesthetopdeadpoint,theendoftheexhauststroke,exhaustvalveclosing.二、四冲程柴油机的工作循环同样包括进气、压缩、作功和排气等四个过程，在各个活塞行程中，进、排气门的开闭和曲柄连杆机构的运动与汽油机完全相同。只是由于柴油和汽油的使用性能不同，使柴油机和汽油机在混合气形成方法及着火方式上有着根本的差别。1.进气行程在