专题十 非谓语动词

专题十非谓语动词考点梳理一、非谓语动词的形式二、非谓语动词的用法(一)作主语、宾语1．动词不定式或动词­ing形式作主语或宾语时，可用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如：Eugene'sneverwillingtoalteranyofhisopinions.It'snousearguingwithhim.Nobodythinksitaneasyjobtohavedonesomuchinonlyoneday.2．动词不定式和动词­ing形式作宾语比较：◆有些动词后只能接doing，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，imagine，keep，miss，mention，practice，risk，suggest等。如：Lydiadoesn'tfeellikestudyingabroad.Herparentsareold.BillsuggestedholdingameetingonwhattodofortheShanghaiExpoduringthevacation.◆有些动词后只能接todo，如：agree，decide，expect，hope，manage，plan，pretend，refuse，threaten，wish等。如：Davidthreatenedtoreporthisneighbourtothepoliceifthedamageswerenotpaid.Ican'tstandworkingwithJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefusestostoptalkingwhilesheworks.◆有些动词后接doing和todo都可以，且意思差别细微或没差别，如：begin，start，hate，like，love，continue等；但另一些词差别很大，如：forget，try，remember，mean，stop，regret等。如：IstillrememberbeingtakentotheFamenTempleandwhatIsawthere.Hisfatherdidn'tremembertolockthedoorbeforehelefthome，soathiefbrokeinandstolemanythings.◆动词need，require，want作“需要”解时，其后须用动词­ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。如：Asyouknow，theyoungtreeneedswatering/tobewateredonceinawhile；otherwise，itwoulddiesoon.(二)作表语动词­ing形式作表语表示一般或抽象的习惯性动作，也可以说明主语的特征和性质，相当于形容词。不定式作表语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。过去分词作表语表示主语的状态：及物动词的过去分词作表语，有被动和完成的意味；不及物动词的过去分词作表语，只表完成。如：Uptonow，hehasreallyrealizedthathelpingothersishelpinghimself.ThenewsthathehasgotthefirstprizeintheEnglishcontestisinspiring.Hiswishistobeateacherinasmallvillage，thoughmanypeopledon'twanttobe.(三)作宾补、主补1．作宾补的过去分词，大都来自及物动词，与宾语是被动关系。动词­ing形式作宾补，与宾语是主动关系。如：Eventhebestwriterssometimesfindthemselveslostforwords.Alexandertriedtogethisworkrecognizedinthemedicalcircles.Listen！Doyouhearsomeonecallingforhelp?2．在感官动词和某些使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to，但转换为被动结构时，其后作主补的不定式一般需带to。如：Myparentshavealwaysmademefeelgoodaboutmyself，evenwhenIwastwelve.Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.3．with复合结构with＋宾语＋宾语补足语，构成with复合结构，宾语可以是名词或代词，宾语补足语可以是动词不定式、过去分词、动词­ing形式等。不定式与前面的名词是主动关系，表示动作还没发生；过去分词与前面的名词是被动关系，表示动作已经发生；动词­ing形式与前面的名词是主动关系，表示动作正在进行。如：Thelivingroomiscleanandtidy，withadiningtablealreadylaidforamealtobecooked.—Comeon，pleasegivemesomeideasabouttheproject.—Sorry.Withsomuchworkfillingmymind，Ialmostbreakdown.Withnoonetoturntoinsuchafrighteningsituation，shefeltveryhelpless.(四)作定语1．不定式作定语有三种情况：①与所修饰的词是动宾关系。如：Ihavealotofreadingstocompletebeforetheendofthisterm.Hisfirstbooktobepublishednextmonthisbasedonatruestory.②与所修饰的词是主谓关系。如：—Thelastonetoarrivepaysthemeal.—Agreed!③与所修饰的词是同位关系。如：Theabilitytoexpressanideaisasimportantastheideaitself.Thatistheonlywaywecanimaginetoreducetheoveruseofwaterinstudents'bathrooms.2．过去分词作定语，与所修饰的词是动宾关系。如：Theplayersselectedfromthewholecountryareexpectedtobringushonorinthissummergame.3．动词­ing形式作定语可以表示用途，也可以表示一种主谓关系。如：Whenhecamehome，hefoundhisoldfriendTomwaitingforhiminthelivingroom.Onreceivingaphonecallfromhiswifesayingshehadafall，Mr.Gordonimmediatelyrushedhomefromhisoffice.(五)作状语1．不定式作状语，常表示原因、结果、条件、目的等。不定式作结果状语时，往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加only。如：Simonmadeabigbambooboxtokeepthelittlesickbirdtillitcouldfly.Hehurriedtothebookingofficeonlytobetoldthatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.2．过去分词作状语，表示主语是过去分词动作的承受者。如：Seenfromthetopofthetower，thesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.3．动词­ing形式作状语，表示主语是动词­ing形式动作的发出者，常表示时间、伴随、原因、结果、方式、条件等。当表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，要用完成形式havingdone。如：Approachingthecitycentre，wesawastonestatueofabout10metresinheight.TheretiredmandonatedmostofhissavingstotheschooldamagedbytheearthquakeinYushu，enablingthestudentstoreturntotheirclassrooms.Lotsofrescueworkerswereworkingaroundtheclock，sendingsuppliestoYushu，QinghaiProvinceaftertheearthquake.Dina，havingstruggledformonthstofindajobasawaitress，finallytookapositionatalocaladvertisingagency.4．独立主格结构作状语独立主格的构成：名词或代词(主格)＋不定式/动词­ing/过去分词等，在句中多作状语，表示时间、原因、结果等。如：Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft，themostrecenthavingbeenlaunchedattheendoflastMarch.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool，theirlessonsfinishedfortheday.注意：动词­ing形式一般表示句子主语的动作，但作句子状语、说明说话人的看法时，则情况不是这样。如：Judgingbythedirectionofthewind，itwon'traintoday.Generallyspeaking，themoreexpensivethecamera，thebetteritsquality.