专业外语词汇

7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地1基因工程-专业词汇专业：微生物与生化药学制作团队：暨南大学生物医药研发基地曾凡力、刘凯胜、张嘉萱、张志红、吕芬7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地2地址：生科院南五楼7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地37/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地41.Geneticengineering〖英文释义〗Geneticengineering,recombinantDNAtechnology,geneticmodification/manipulation(GM)andgenesplicingaretermsthatapplytothedirectmanipulationofanorganism'sgenes.Geneticengineeringisdifferentfromtraditionalbreeding,wheretheorganism'sgenesaremanipulatedindirectly.Geneticengineeringusesthetechniquesofmolecularcloningandtransformationtoalterthestructureandcharacteristicsofgenesdirectly.基因工程又称基因拼接技术和DNA重组技术，是以分子遗传学为理论基础，以分子生物学和微生物学的现代方法为手段，将不同来源的基因(DNA分子)，按预先设计的蓝图，在体外构建杂种DNA分子，然后导入活细胞，以改变生物原有的遗传特性、获得新品种、生产新产品。基因工程技术为基因的结构和功能的研究提供了有力的手段。7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地57/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地62.质粒[Plasmid]〖英文释义〗AplasmidisanextrachromosomalDNAmoleculeseparatefromthechromosomalDNAwhichiscapableofreplicatingindependentlyfromthechromosomalDNA.Inmanycases,itiscircularanddouble-stranded.Plasmidsusuallyoccurnaturallyinbacteria,butaresometimesfoundineukaryoticorganisms7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地77/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地82.Vector(biology)〖英文释义〗Vector(molecularbiology),vehicleusedtotransfergeneticmaterialtoatargetcell•Plasmidvector•Binaryvector,acloningvectorusedtogeneratetransgenicplants•Cloningvector•Expressionvector,aplasmidspecificallyusedforproteinexpressioninthetarget•Shuttlevector,avector(usuallyaplasmid)constructedsothatitcanpropagateintwodifferenthostspecies•Viralvector,avirusmodifiedtodeliverforeigngeneticmaterialintoacell7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地97/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地103.PCR聚合酶链反应[polymerasechainreaction]〖英文释义〗Inmolecularbiology,thepolymerasechainreaction(PCR)isatechniquetoamplifyasingleorfewcopiesofapieceofDNAacrossseveralordersofmagnitude,generatingthousandstomillionsofcopiesofaparticularDNAsequence.聚合酶链式反应(PolymeraseChainReaction)，简称PCR，是一种分子生物学技术，用于放大特定的DNA片段。可看作生物体外的特殊DNA复制。7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地117/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地124.凝胶电泳[Gelelectrophoresis]〖英文释义〗Gelelectrophoresisisatechniqueusedfortheseparationofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA),ribonucleicacid(RNA),orproteinmoleculesusinganelectricfieldappliedtoagelmatrix.DNAGelelectrophoresisisusuallyperformedforanalyticalpurposes,oftenafteramplificationofDNAviaPCR,butmaybeusedasapreparativetechniquepriortouseofothermethodssuchasmassspectrometry,RFLP,PCR,cloning,DNAsequencing,orSouthernblottingforfurthercharacterization.凝胶电泳被广泛用于分子生物学、遗传学和生物化学：1.大的DNA或者RNA分子通常利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离，也可以使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）。2.蛋白质的凝胶电泳通常在加入十二烷基硫酸钠的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中进行（SDS-PAGE），或者非变性凝胶电泳，或二维电泳。3.毛细管电泳4.酶谱法（zymography）5.变性梯度胶凝电泳（DGGE）7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地137/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地145.等电聚焦[Isoelectricfocusing,IEF]〖英文释义〗Isoelectricfocusing(IEF),alsoknownaselectrofocusing,isatechniqueforseparatingdifferentmoleculesbytheirelectricchargedifferences.Itisatypeofzoneelectrophoresis,usuallyperformedinagel,thattakesadvantageofthefactthatamolecule'schargechangeswiththepHofitssurroundings.等电聚焦：分离两性分子，特别是分离蛋白质的一种技术。根据在一个电场的影响下这些两性分子在ph梯度上的分布情况进行分离7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地157/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地166.感受态[Competence(biology)]〖英文释义〗Inmicrobiology,genetics,cellbiologyandmolecularbiology,competenceistheabilityofacelltotakeupextracellular(naked)DNAfromitsenvironment.Competenceisdistinguishedintonaturalcompetence,ageneticallyspecifiedabilityofbacteriathatisthoughttooccurundernaturalconditionsaswellasinthelaboratory,andinducedorartificialcompetence,arisingwhencellsinlaboratoryculturesaretreatedtomakethemtransientlypermeabletoDNA7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地177/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地187.蛋白质印迹[Westernblot]〖英文释义〗TheWesternblot(alternatively,proteinimmunoblot)isananalyticaltechniqueusedtodetectspecificproteinsinagivensampleoftissuehomogenateorextract.Itusesgelelectrophoresistoseparatenativeordenaturedproteinsbythelengthofthepolypeptide(denaturingconditions)orbythe3-Dstructureoftheprotein(native/non-denaturingconditions).Theproteinsarethentransferredtoamembrane(typicallynitrocelluloseorPVDF),wheretheyareprobed(detected)usingantibodiesspecifictothetargetprotein.免疫印迹法是一种将高分辨率凝胶电泳和免疫化学分析技术相结合的杂交技术。7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地197/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地208.ELISA酶联免疫吸附试验[Enzyme-LinkedImmunosorbentAssay]〖英文释义〗Animmunoassayutilizinganantibodylabeledwithanenzymemarkersuchashorseradishperoxidase.Whileeithertheenzymeortheantibodyisboundtoanimmunosorbentsubstrate,theybothretaintheirbiologicactivity;thechangeinenzymeactivityasaresultoftheenzyme-antibody-antigenreactionisproportionaltotheconcentrationoftheantigenandcanbemeasuredspectrophotometricallyorwiththenakedeye.Manyvariationsofthemethodhavebeendeveloped.7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地21ELISA原理680型全自动酶标仪7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地229.mAb单克隆抗体[Monoclonalantibody]〖英文释义〗Highlyspecific,purifiedantibodyderivedfromonlyonesubsetofcellsandwhichrecognizesonlyoneantigenorepitope.Monoclonalantibodiescanbeusedalone,ortheycanbeusedtodeliverdrugs,toxins,orradioactivematerialdirectlytoatumor.Monoclonalantibodiescanbeinvivo(inthebody)orinvitro(inthelab),directedagainstaspecificepitope,andproducedbyasinglecloneofBcells,oramyeloma(cancer)cellline.7/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地237/10/2020暨南大学生物医药研发基地2410.色谱法[Chromatography]〖英文释义〗Ch