口译研究综述 interpreting

IntroductiontoInterpretingStudiesZhaoJunfengSchoolofInterpretingandTranslationStudiesSessionOneAnOverviewofInterpretingMainIssuesofInterpretingStudiesTheConceptsofInterpretingWhatisinterpretingstudiesAbriefhistoryofthedisciplineSettingsandconstellationsTypologicalparametersDomainsanddimensionsTheConceptsofInterpretingLatininterpres(expounder,personexplainingwhatisobscure,explainingthemeaning,makingsenseof)Metaphoricalnames:middleman,intermediary,commercialgo-betweenInlegalsphere,lawyerstointerpretthelaw,courtinterpretertotranslatethelanguageQuestion:totranslateorinterpret?Kade’sdefinitionInprinciple,interpretingisperformed‘hereandnow’forthebenefitofpeoplewhowanttoengageincommunicationacrossbarriersoflanguageandcultureInterpretingisaformofTranslationinwhichafirstandfinalrenditioninanotherlanguageisproducedonthebasisofaone-timepresentationofanutteranceinasourcelanguage(Pochhacker2004:11).ImmediacyasthekeywordConceptualingredientsAnactivityconsisting(mainly)inTheproductionofutterances(texts)whicharePresumedtohaveasimilarmeaningand/oreffectAspreviouslyexistingutterancesinanotherlanguageandcultureTheDefinitionofInterpreting口译（Interpreting，也称Interpretation），是一种通过听取和解析来源语(sourcelanguage)所表达的信息，随即将其转译为目标语(targetlanguage)语言符号，进而达到传递信息之目的的言语交际活动。（梅德明，1996）口译不是单纯意义上的言语行为，而是一种涉及诸多知识层面的跨文化的交际行为。（钟述孔，1999）DefinitionofInterpreting(Cont’d)口译是一项高智能的思维科学形式和艺术再创造的活动。口译思维从主体上说属于抽象思维，更注重逻辑推理和分析；如果说翻译是艺术，那它离不开形象思维，离不开感知。（刘和平，2001：10）翻译即释意（interpretation)。释意原理源于会议翻译，它帮助我们发现了其遵循的三角程序：从讲话的有声符号出发，经过语义和认知知识融合的非语言过程，构成篇章的片断意义从而开始重新表达。（勒代雷，2001）WhatisinterpretingstudiesResearchasobject,subjectordiscipline?Thefieldofinterpretingstudies,begantoforma(sub)disciplinaryidentityofitsowninthe1990s.WithinthefieldofthewiderfieldofTranslationstudies.Thetranslationalactivityofinterpreting?Parentvs.sub-disciplinaryorindependent?AbriefhistoryofinterpretingstudiesSee肖晓燕，西方口译研究：历史与现状，《外国语》2002第4期SettingsSocialcontextofinteraction,orsettingInter-socialvs.intra-socialsettingsIsolatedcontact(expedition)vs.institutionalizedinter-socialcontacts(transaction)vs.institutionalizedintra-socialcontacts(administration)settingsTheactivityofinterpretinghasevolvedthroughouthistoryinavarietyofsettings,fromfirst-timeencountersbetweendifferenttribestoinstitutionalizedinter-social‘dealings’aswellasinintra-social(‘community’)relations.InterpretingindifferentspheresofsocialinteractionCategorizationaccordingtosettingBusinessinterpretingLiaisoninterpretingDiplomaticinterpretingMilitaryinterpretingCourtinginterpreting(legal,judicialandcourtroom)EducationinterpretingCommunity-basedinterpreting(healthcare,medical,hospital,legaletc.)Media/broadcast,oftenfocusedonTVinterpretingConstellationsofinteractionThree-partyinteractionmodel(R.BruceWAnderson1976/2002)BilateralinterpretingordialogueinterpretingLiaisoninterpretingConferenceinterpretingInternationalvs.intra-social/communityMultilateral,professionalroles,comparablestatus,one-to-many,monologic;vs.Individual,powerdifferential,face-to-face,dialogicTheclassificationofInterpreting即席翻译（consecutiveinterpreting),即席翻译简称交传，在教学中通常称为交替传译或连续传译。其方式是讲话人说完一句话、几句话或一段话，停下来让译员进行口头翻译。而当译员同时以两种语言为操不同语言的交际双方进行交替式翻译时，即席翻译也可称为交替翻译（alternatinginterpreting）。经常使用即席翻译的场合，还有演讲、祝词、授课、谈判、情况介绍会、高级会议、新闻发布会、记者招待会、参观、采访、宴会等。同声传译（simultaneousinterpreting）。同声传译简称同传，是一种译员在一方讲话的同时不停顿的将其讲话内容传译给另一方的口译方式。同声传译又可分为三种：A.会议传译（conferencesimultaneousinterpreting）B.视阅翻译（sightinterpreting)C.耳语传译（whisperinginterpreting）TypologicalparametersLanguagemodality(spoken-languagevs.sign-language/visuallanguageinterpreting,transliteration,voice-to-sign,sign-to-sign,sign-to-voiceinterpreting,fingerspelling,tactileinterpretingetc.)Workingmode(consecutivevs.simultaneous,whispered/whisperinginterpreting,sighttranslation,sightinterpreting/oraltranslation,SIwithtextorwithouttextinthebooth,text-to-signinterpreting)TypologicalparametersDirectionality(SLvs.TL;AIIC’sclassificaiton,A-,B-,C-languages,thusA-to-Binterpretingorretourinterpreting/returninterpreting,relayinterpreting)Note:A-language=nativeorbest‘activelanguage’;B-language=‘active’languagecommandedwithnear-nativeproficiency;C-language=‘passive’languageallowing‘completeunderstanding’TypologicalparametersUseoftechnology(remoteinterpreting,telephoneinterpretingorover-the-phoneinterpreting,videophoneinterpreting,tele-interpreting,automaticinterpreting,machineinterpreting)Professionalstatus(professionalvs.lay/naturalinterpreting,)DomainsanddimensionsThemulti-facetednatureofinterpretingasanobjectofstudy8dimensions:medium,setting,mode,language(cultures),discourse,participants,interpreter,problemTheinterplayofthefirstsevendimensionsservestohighlightsomeofthekeyfactorsinthevariousprototypicaldomains.DomainsanddimensionsofinterpretingMedium:human;machineSetting:international;intra-social;Setting:multilat.Conf.;int.organ.;media;ed.;courts;police;health/soc.Mode:simultaneous;consecutive(booth,whisp.,sight)Language:spokenvs.signed,IO/conf.lang.vs.migrantlang.Domainsanddimensionsofint