英语修辞学(讲稿)

Figuresofspeech(修辞)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.第一部分：FiguresofResemblanceandRelationshipSimile(明喻)Metaphor(暗喻)(隐喻)Metonymy(转喻)(借代)Synecdoche（提喻）Personification（拟人）Antonomasia（换称）一Simile(明喻)Simile：(明喻)Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Simileisacomparisonbetweentwodifferentthingsthatresembleeachotherinatleastoneway.Informalprosethesimileisadevicebothofartandexplanation,comparinganunfamiliarthingtosomefamiliarthing(anobject,event,process,etc.)knowntothereader.1.Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenororsubject）,喻体（vehicleorreference）和比喻词（comparativewordorindicatorofresemblance）。eg:Myloveislikearedredrose.tenorcomparativewordvehicle2.句型（1）.like型★A联系动词（以tobe居多）+likeEg:Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针★实意动词+like。Theywillneverbeabletosavemoneytobuyanewhouse——theybothspendmoneylikewater.★as型as在明喻句中用作介词，后跟名词。也可用作连词，后跟状语从句，表示动作或行为的方式。此外，还有两个常用句型，即as…as…和as…so…。英语里有不少含有明喻的成语，其结构为as+形容词+as+名词（第一个as可省略）。例如：(as)firmasarock坚如磐石(as)lightasafeather轻如鸿毛(as)closeasanoyster守口如瓶(as)muteasafish噤若寒蝉(as)strongasahorse强壮如牛(as)coolasacucumber泰然自若(as)soberasajudge十分清醒(as)sureasagun千真万确★虚拟句型最常见的是asif/though，另外还有其他一些形式。Eg:HewasabeautifulhorsethatlookedasthoughhehadcomeoutofapaintingbyVealsquez.这匹马真雄俊，看起来仿佛是从一副维拉斯奎兹的油画里跑出来的一样。Thedogswereinfullcry,theirnosesdown,theirtailsup,soclosetogetherthatmighthavebeenonegreatyellowandwhitemovingcarpet.那群狗吠叫着追猎，低着头，翘着尾巴，一条挨一条，看上去就像一块行进的黄白交织的大地毯。Hewokethembothupgettingtobed,butwhentheytriedtowakehimupafterwardstheymightaswellhavetriedtowakethedead.他去睡觉的时候把他们两个都弄醒了，但是后来他们想唤醒他时，简直就像唤死人一样。★what型A.AistoBwhatXistoYEg:Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。Judiciouspraiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。BWhatXistoY,AistoB.Eg:Whatsaltistofood,thatwitandhumouraretoconversationandliterature.妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。Whatbloodvesselistoaman’sbody,thatrailwayistotransportation.铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。★than型Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.没有爱的家无异于一具没有灵魂的躯体。Mancannothelpcravingforexpressionanymorethanbirdscanhelpsinging.人之不能舒其襟怀，亦犹鸟之不能啭其歌喉。★and型这是一种特殊的明喻句，常见于英语谚语。其中and的作用相当于like.Eg:Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.说出的话犹如抛出的石，是收不回的。Loveandcoughcannotbehid.恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。Wordsandfeathersaretossedbythewind.言语如羽毛，风刮到处飘。Truthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.真理如玫瑰，全身都带刺。Kingandbearsoftenworrytheirkeepers.国王跟熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。二、Metaphor(隐喻)(暗喻)Metaphor：(暗喻)Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.（Forexample,theworldisastage.）Metaphorcomparestwodifferentthingsbyspeakingofoneintermsoftheother.Unlikeasimileoranalogy,metaphorassertsthatonethingisanotherthing,notjustthatoneislikeanother.Veryfrequentlyametaphorisinvokedbythetobeverb:Metaphoriscompressedsimile(简缩了的明喻)。在实际运用中Metaphor有时仅出现喻体，本体需要从上下文中分析推敲出来。英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可以体现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、定语、宾语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单词、一个词组或一个句子，甚至是一个段落。以下为英语Metaphor的常见运用格式：★名词型最常见的句式是“甲是乙”，喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。Alltheworld’sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。Moneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonour,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。★动词型Theboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。★形容词型Shehasaphotographicmemoryfordetail.她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。Themountainouswavesswalloweduptheship.山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘航船。★-of短语型-of-短语构成的英语隐语很普遍，根据其结构及用法特征又可细分为两类：A.a/the+N1+of+N2Eg:thebridgeoffriendship,thevalleyofdespair.Ba+N1+of+a+N2(N1和N2前除a外，还可用the或人称代词的所有格形式)Eg:aflowerofagirl,afoxofamanThetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.Itisitsnaturalmanure.自由之树需要爱国者和暴君的鲜血来浇灌。鲜血是养育自由之树的天然基肥。Apolicemanwavedmeoutofthesnakeoftrafficandflaggedmetostop.一位警察招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来，并招呼我停下。三、Metonymy(转喻)(借代)Metonymy(转喻)Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,.BeneaththeruleofmenentirelygreatThepenismightierthanthesword.该修辞故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物名称来代替，即借乙名代甲称。Metonymy的运用基础是联想，两个相互借代的事物必然紧密相关，存在某种现实的联系。如：Whatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave(幼小所学，终生不忘)，句中的thecradle与thegrave是跟birth与death密切相关的事物，因此两者之间形成了借代关系。★以事物的特征代替事物本身Athousandmustachescanlivetogether,butnotfourbreast.千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。★以工具代替动作或行为者Ahundredbayonetsweremarchingdownthestreet.100把刺刀正沿街前进。★以容器代替其中内容。Whenevermyhusbandhasabaddayattheoffice,hehitsthebottle.每当我丈夫在办公室不顺心，他就会喝得酩酊大醉。★以人体器官代替其功能Thepracticedearcanrecognizeaclassicflavour.有音乐修养的人能够听出古典音乐的韵味。Shehastheeyeforthefairandthebeautiful.她有审美眼光。Ihaveanopinionofyou,sir,towhichitisnoteasytogivethemouth.我对你有一个意见，先生，不过很难用话语表达出来。★以人或动物代替其特性Thereisstillmuchofth