An Introduction to Linguistics.语言学介绍

1AnIntroductiontoLinguistics2AnIntroductiontoLinguistics___ByHelen.H2004.103CourseDescriptionTheAimsoftheCourseAre:1.Tohelpyoutohaveabetterunderstandingofthenatureandfeaturesoflanguageandlinguisticstudies;2.Tohelpyoutohaveabetterunderstandingofthenotions,principlesandapproachesinlinguisticstudies;3.Toenableyoutounderstandtherelationsbetweenlanguageandotherrelevantfactorssuchassociety,cultureandthought:4.Toenableyoutodoyourownresearchinlinguisticstudies.II.TheContentoftheCourseAccordingtheaimsofthecourse,thefollowingtopicswillbeincludedinthecourse:1.LanguageandLinguistics2.speechsounds3.lexicon4.fromwordtotext4CourseDescription5.meaning6.languageandcognition7.language,cultureandsoceity8.languageinuse语言学论坛：语音学光标：山东语言学网：语言学学术网站：语言学网站精选：中国教育和科研计算机网：=2156语言学博克：戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社胡壮麟，(2001)，《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社刘润清，(1995)，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社Aronoff,M.et.al.TheHandbookofLinguistics外语教学与研究出版社，2001Beaugrande,R.D.LinguisticTheory:TheDiscourseofFundamentalWorks.外语教学与研究出版社，2001Bloomfield,L.Language.外语教学与研究出版社，2001Bolinger,Dwight.Language—TheLoadedWeapon:TheUseandAbuseofLanguageToday.London:Longman,1980.Chomsky,Noam.LanguageandMind.Enlargeded.NewYork:HarcourtBraceJovanovich,1972.Chomsky,Noam.KnowledgeofLanguage:ItsNature,Origin,andUse.NewYorkandLondon:Praeger,1986Poole,S.AnIntroductiontoLinguistics.外语教学与研究出版社，2000Radford,A.et.el.Linguistics:AnIntroduction.外语教学与研究出版社，2001Robins,R.H.GeneralLinguisticsFourthedition.外语教学与研究出版社，2000Sassure,F.D.CourseinGeneralLinguistics.外语教学与研究出版社，2001Spair,E.Language:AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech.外语教学与研究出版社，2001Yule,G.．TheStudyofLanguageSecondedition.外语教学与研究出版社，200267Chapter1.Linguistics81.1What’sLinguistics?1.1.1DefinitionLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.1.1.2Aimsoflinguistictheory:AccordingtoChomsky(2001),linguiststrytoanswerthefollowingthreequestions:91)Whatistheknowledgeoflanguage?(competence)2)Howistheknowledgeoflanguageacquired?(acquisition)3)Howistheknowledgeoflanguageputtouse?(performance/languageprocessing)10GrammarasrepresentationoflinguisticknowledgeH.G.Widdowson(1996):Humanlanguageischaracterizedasrule-governmentcreativity.Speakersofalanguagepossessamentalsystemofelementsandrulesthatallowsthemtoformandinterpretfamiliarandnovelutterances/sentences.Thissystemiscalledgrammar,whichgovernsthearticulation,perception,andpatterningofspeechsounds,theformationofwordsandsentencesandtheinterpretationofutterances.Theexistenceofsuchlinguisticsystemsinhumansistheproductofanatomicalandcognitivespecialization.Hence,linguisticsisacognitivescience.11TheLogicalProblemofLanguageAcquisitionHowcomesitthathumanbeings,whosecontactswiththeworldarebriefandpersonalandlimited,areneverthelessabletoknowasmuchaswedoknow?Andifnot,whatmustweknowotherwisethanthroughthesenses?BertrandRussell(1872-1970)12TheInnatenessHypothesisNoamChomsky:Whatweknowaboutourlanguageisnotinfactlearnedformtheinput,butisratherpartofaninnateendowment,whichiscalledUniversalGrammar(UG).But,lookattheexample:Isthatyourcar?How’she?---acoupleofpillswillcurehim.131.1.3thescopeoflinguistics1.1.3.1mainbranchesoflinguistics:phonetics:thestudyofspeechsounds;Phonology:thestudyofsoundsystemandtheorganizations;Morphology:thestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords;therulesofwordformation;Syntax:thestudyoftherulesofsentenceformation;Semantic:examinehowmeaningisencodedinalanguage;studythesystemofmeanings;Pragmatic:thestudyofmeaningincontext;14Chapter1Linguistics1.1.3.2macro-linguisticspsycholinguistics:thestudyoftherelationbetweenpsychologyandlinguistics;sociolinguistics:thestudyofsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsociety;appliedlinguistics:applicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestosolvethepracticalproblems;linguisticsandlanguageteachingStylistics:linguisticandliteraturecognitivelinguistics;computationallinguistics;(e.g.machinetranslation)Neurolinguistics15161.1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.1.3.1prescriptivevs.descriptiveprescriptive:setrulesofcorrectnessforlearnerstofollow,prescribingwhatoughttobesaidorhowthingsoughttobe;descriptive:describeandanalyzewhatpeopleactuallyuse;Discussion:Do/don’tsaylikethis.---howthingsshouldbe.Peopledo/don’tsaylikethis.---howthingsare.Ex.1)Idon’thavenone.(theuseofdoublenegationconstruction)2)Mathildeisfatterthanme.“Thereareobviousadministrativeandeducativeadvantages,inthemodernworld,instandardizingtheprincipledialectthat’semployedwithinaparticularcountryorregion.”(Lyons,1982:53)17Chapter1Linguistics1.1.3.2synchronicvs.diachronicThedistinctionbetweensynchronicanddiachronicstudyoflanguageisoneofthemostimportantcontributionofSaussure.synchroniclinguistics:thestudyofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory;alsocalledstaticlinguistics;diachroniclinguistics:thestudyofala