高考英语二轮复习精品课件：专题二语法 第3讲定语从句(大纲版湖北专用)

语法第3讲定语从句定语从句一直是高考测试的重点和热点。定语从句由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as和关系副词where,when,why等引导，但须记住：1.what不能引导定语从句。2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。一、指人的关系代词有who,whose,whom,thatTheoldmanwho/whom/thatwevisitedyesterdayisafamousartist.MissWangistakingcareofthechildwhoseparentshavegonetoBeijing.Themanwithwhommyfathershookhandsjustnowisourheadmaster.（=Themanwho/whomthatmyfathershookhandswithjustnowisourheadmaster.）一、指人的关系代词有who,whose,whom,that注：1.指人时关系代词有时只用who,不宜用that。①先行词为one,ones或anyone等不定代词时ThecomradeIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkshard.②先行词为these,those等指示代词时ThesewhoaregoingtoBeijingarethebeststudentsofourschool.③在therebe开头的句子中Thereisastudentwhowantstoseeyou.④一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhoworkshard.⑤在非限制性定语从句中Imetafriendofmineinthestreet,whohadjustcomefromJapan.2.主句以who开头的句子中,关系代词只用that,不用who。二、指物的关系代词有which,whose(=ofwhich),that1.Ilikethebookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyLuXun.2.Thedesks(which/that)wemadelastyearwereverygood.3.Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.(=Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinlastyear.)4.Iliveintheroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.(=Iliveintheroom,thewindowsofwhichfacesouth.)二、指物的关系代词有which,whose(=ofwhich),that注：1.在“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法中，关系代词只能用whom,which,不能用who或that。Thegirlaboutwhomtheyweretalkingisourmonitor.2.部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。Isthisthebookwhichsheislookingfor?Thechildwho/whomsheislookingafterisWangPing’sson.二、指物的关系代词有which,whose(=ofwhich),that注：3.指物时，下列情况只能用that，不宜用which。①先行词为不定代词时，如：all,much,anything,everything,nothing,something,none,theone等。Wearewillingtodoanythingthatisgoodtothepeople.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.②先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。ThefirstbookthatIreadlastnightwasanEnglishnovel.③先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。ThisisoneofthemostinterestingfilmsthatIhaveeverseen.二、指物的关系代词有which,whose(=ofwhich),that注：3.指物时，下列情况只能用that，不宜用which。④如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)。Weknownothingaboutthedoctorsandthehospitalsthatyouaretalkingabout.⑤如果先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame,any,few,little,no,all,oneof,just修饰时。Thisistheonlybookthatcanbelenttoyou.⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时。Whichisthedictionarythatheusedyesterday?二、指物的关系代词有which,whose(=ofwhich),that注：4.指物时，下列情况只能用which，不宜用that。①关系代词放在介词之后Thisisthefactoryinwhichweonceworked.②非限制性定语从句中Thisisthebook,whichiswrittenbyLuXun.③that，those作主语时ThosewhichareonthedeskareEnglishbooks.二、指物的关系代词有which,whose(=ofwhich),that注：5.先行词前有such,thesame,as时,关系代词用as，不用that,但thesame···as···表示相似的事物,thesame···that···表示相同的事物。Heknowsasmanypeopleasarepresentatthemeeting.Suchpeopleasyourefertoarerarenowadays.三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别Allthestudentswhostudyhardhavepassed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。)Allthestudents,whostudyhardhavepassed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。（没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。）三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句用途是先行词不可缺少的定语（不可去掉）对先行词的附加说明（可去掉，不影响原意）标点作用不用标点符号必须用逗号与主句分开翻译技巧译在先行词前，用“的”连接译在主句之后关系代词使用who/whom/which(都可用that代替）who/whom/which(不可能用that代替）关系代词代替宾语时可省关系代词不可省略四、关系代词as和which的区别先研究下面两个例句：1.Thiselephantislikeasnake,as/whicheverybodycansee.=Aseverybodycansee,thiselephantislikeasnake.2.Tomdidn’tpassthephysicsexam,whichmadehisparentsveryangry.这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：四、关系代词as和which的区别1.在形式上，as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。2.在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如······，就像······”；而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如第2句。再如：四、关系代词as和which的区别Hewaslateagain,as/whichwehadexpected.=Aswehadexpected,hewaslateagain.Thestreethasn’tbeenclearedforweeks,whichmakesitverydirty.（不用as）Hetakesexerciseeveryday,whichhasdonealotofgoodtohishealth.（不用as）Ashasalreadybeenpointedout,Englishisratherdifficultforaforeigner.四、关系代词as和which的区别注意：在such···as···,thesame···as···,as···,asmany/Muchas···等结构中,as不能用which代替。如：Suchbooksasthisaretoodifficultforbeginners.(这样的书对于初学者来说太难了。）=Bookssuchasthisare···=Bookslikethisare···Iliveinthesamebuildingashe(does).（同一幢楼）四、关系代词as和which的区别3.两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。①关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。Asweallknow,theearthisround.②当与such或thesame连用时，一般用as。Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou.四、关系代词as和which的区别3.两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。③当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.④as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如beknown，besaid，bereported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.五、“oneofthe+复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。但如果oneof+复数名词这一结构前面带有theonly,thevery之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是one而不是那个复数名词。五、“oneofthe+复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况1.HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsFrenchinourschool.(修饰theonlyone)HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.(修饰theteachers)2.Thisistheonlyoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.(修饰theonlyone)Thisisoneoftheroomsthatarefreenow.(修饰rooms)关系词是用在定语从句中来代替先行词的,选择关系词的关键是看先行词在定语从句中作何成分。作主语、宾语或表语时,用关系代词,指人用who(宾格用whom)或that,指物用which或that;如果作状语,则选用关系副词,分别用when,where,why代替时间、地点、原因状语;如果先行词在定语从句中作定语,则不管指人还是指物,都可用whose。考点一:考查关系词的基本用法例（2009·福建）It’shelpfultoputchildreninasituationtheycanseethemselvesdifferently.A.t