英语专业四级词汇语法辅导--虚拟语气

虚拟语气条件句•条件句中所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现时，句中的条件从句和结果主句都要用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的几个句型•1、虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中•A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。•B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would,could,might+动词原形。•C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could,would+have+动词过去分词。•Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath;IwishIhadnotgonetoit.•---“IletJoeborrowourradiofortheafternoon.”•---“That’sallright,butIwishhewouldbuyoneofhisown.”•Iwishthatheweren’tsolazy.虚拟语气的几个句型主句谓语从句谓语wish现在动词的过去式（be用were）过去had+过去分词could,would+have+过去分词将来would,could,might+动词原形虚拟语气的几个句型•2、wouldrather,wouldassoon,wouldsooner,justassoon和wouldprefer所引导的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望或表示说话人婉转的责备。例如：•I’dratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。•Iwouldpreferhedidn’tstaytheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在那儿呆得太久。•Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。（Iwouldassoondoitasnot.•Thewarriorwouldassoondieassurrender.=Thewarriorwouldratherdieassurrender.那名战士宁死不屈.）虚拟语气的几个句型•注意：wouldrather…than和would…ratherthan后面的从句用虚拟语气。用法是than后的从句要用should+动词原形,从句的that可省略。•Iwouldratherdiethan(that)heshouldknowthesecret.•He’ddoanythingratherthan(that)heshouldlivewithsuchashamelesswoman.虚拟语气的几个句型do…(thando…)宁愿…(而不…)sb.+动词过去式（与现在或将来事实相反）had+过去分词（与过去事实相反）wouldrather+虚拟语气的几个句型•3、hadhoped/thought引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。•Hisfatherhadhopedthathissonwouldgotobusinesswithhim,buthissonbecameanartistlater.虚拟语气的几个句型•4、虚拟语气用于asif/asthough引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。•Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshineabove.•Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.•Shelooksasifshewouldcry.虚拟语气的几个句型•5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的谓语动词变化与asif和wish后面的动词变化规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如…”，但suppose是动词，不是连词。如：•Supposethebosswalkedin，whatshouldIdo?•SupposeSaddamhadnotbeencaptured,whatwouldtheU.S.do?•Thelawregardshimasacriminal,____hefriendorenemy.A.beB.beingC.wereD.are•Allmagnetsbehavethesame,betheylargeorsmall.•be引导的让步状语从句，但要将be提到主语之前，用倒装结构。虚拟语气的几个句型•6.whetherit(he)be…or…意为“不管（不论）是……还是……”，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略结构为beit…or…,behe…or等，必须用倒装。例如：•Behewhathemay,heshouldobeytherules.•Everydayhetakesawalkintheparkintheevening,whetheritbefineorraining.•Homeishome,beiteversohomely.(再穷也是家)•Allmatter,whetheritbegas,liquidorsolid,ismadeupofatoms.•Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.虚拟语气的几个句型•7、It’s(high,about)timethat句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。•It’stimethatsomethingwasdoneaboutthetrafficproblemdowntown.•Itishightimethatweputanendtothisdiscussion.虚拟语气的几个句型•8、ifitwerenotfor…与现在事实相反，ifithadnotbeenfor与过去事实相反，两个都相当于butfor：•Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.•9、由连接词incase,lest,forfearthat，(inorderthat,sothat)引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might)+动词原形，例如：•Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.•Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.•butfor•a)usedwhenyouaresayingthatsomethingwouldhavehappenedifsomethingorsomeoneelsehadnotpreventedit:(要不是）••Butfortheseinterruptions,themeetingwouldhavefinishedearlier.•ThescorecouldhavebeenhigherbutforsomeexcellentgoalkeepingbySimon.•Imightneverhavegottouniversitybutforyou.•b)exceptforsomethingorsomeone:(除了）•Allwassilentbutforthesoundofthewindinthetrees.•在英语中，but除了最常用的表示转折关系外还有以下几种常见用法：•一、but用作连词，表示让步关系，意思是“除非，要不是”，常与that一起构成butthat,相当于“if...not”。例如：Iwouldhavefailedbutthatyourhelpedme.•二、but用作连词，放在否定词或疑问词之后，作从属关系，表示否定意义，可相当于thatnot.例如：Neveramonthpassedbutshewritestoherparents.•三、but用于表否定词doubt,question,deny等之后，没有实在意义，只相当于关系连词that.例如：There'snodoubtbutheisathief.•四、but用作介词，表示“除了”意义，相当于besides,except.例如：Nooneknowshimbutshe.•五、but用作副词，相当于only,常译为“只不过，仅仅”。例如：Hefinishedhishomeworkbuttenminutesago.•六、but用作代词，表示从属关系，在否定句中常相当于who/thatnot.例如：Thereisnoonebutlikestohelphim.虚拟语气的几个句型•Note:•fear/beafraid/worriedlestsb.dosth.•表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况，从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如：•Shefearslesthearrivetoolate.•Wewereafraidlestitbebroken.虚拟语气的几个句型•10.was(were)+tohavedone（不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but…（陈述语气）•wastodo打算做某事-过去式•wastohavedone能够做却没做表愿望未达成•Iwastohavearrivedhomeontime,butmycarwasheldupbyabadtrafficjam.虚拟语气常用句型•11.Itis…thatsb.(should)…•句型一：Itis＋形容词＋that…•句型二：Itisa＋抽象名词＋that…•句型三：Itis＋过去分词＋that…虚拟语气常用句型•A、用于Itis+形容词/过去分词/名词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：•advisable合理的decided决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的•determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的，基本的•complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的•desirable合意的better较好的，更好insistent坚持的desired想要•asked请求keen渴望的incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的•natural自然的insisted坚持necessary必要的suggested建议•urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的•possible可能的strange奇怪的preferable（好一点）proposed提议•requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐resolved决定的•probable（可能的）pity可惜，憾事shame遗憾•注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…todo…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。•Itisessentialthatheshouldbepreparedforthis.•Itisessentialforhimtobepreparedforthis.虚拟语气常用句型•B.常这样用的抽象名词有：pity,shame,nowonder•C.It‘ssuggestedthattheschool(should)organizeanoutingwhenspringcomes.•Itisrequiredthatmiddle-schoolsstudents(should)takeatleastone-hourexerciseeveryday.虚拟语气常用句型12.建议、命令、和要求等,谓语形式是“