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当前位置:首页 > 外语资料 > 英语基础 > 英语语法专题讲座5-定语从句
形容词性从句--定语从句用来修饰名词、代词、句子等,在句中的作用相当于形容词,故称为形容词性从句。英语语法专题讲座定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句•限制性定语从句对被修饰词起到限制、修饰的作用,一般不可缺少。•非限制性定语从句起补充、附带说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。e.g.Shesaidshehadfinishedherwork,whichIdoubtedverymuch.I’vegotsomepersonalaffairsthatIhavetodealwith.定语从句常用关系词•关系代词:who,whom,whose,that,which,as等•(在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分)•关系副词:where(onwhich),when(inwhich),why(forwhich)(在句中作状语)•关联词:that(引导表示方式、时间的定语从句)e.g.Inthisearthquake,thenumberofpeoplewholosthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.IhavemanygoodfriendstowhomIamgoingtosendpostcards.You’retheonlypersonwhoseadvicehemightlistento.Theriverwhichrunsthroughthecenterofthecitybringsusalotofpleasure.Hehasgivenusasmuchadviceashecan.Potatocanbegrowninplaceswhereitistoocoldtogrowrice.Idon’tliketheway(that)youtreatus.定语从句引导词的选择•取决于先行词(被修饰词)在定语从句中的位置、成分。e.g.Thepeoplewhom\who\thatyoumetinthecampusarefromAustralia.(作宾语)Thiswasthetimewhen\atwhichsheleftforBeijing.Theplacewhich/thatheoftenvisitsisalwaysfullofartists.使用要点1.关系代词在从句中作主语时,不能省略。e.g.Theclassroomthatisonthefourthfloorispoorlyequipped.2.关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面没有介词时,常可省略。e.g.Thisisthegirlwithwhomheworks.3.关系副词在定语从句中不可省略。e.g.IhavecometoexplainthereasonwhyIwasabsentfromthemeeting.4.只用that,不用which的情况a.当先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时;b.当先行词前有theonly,thevery,thelast等词修饰时;c.当先行词为anything,nothing,something,everything,all,little,much等不定代词修饰时;d.当先行词前有all,every,no,some,any,little,much,few等词修饰时;e.Itis句型中的引导定语从句时。5.只用which,不用that的情况a.引导非限制性定语从句时;b.引导词前有介词时;c.一个句子中若有两个定语从句,一个用that引导,另一个用which引导;e.g.Heboughtabookthatcouldgivehimmuchknowledgeandwhichcouldhelphimtokillthetime.6.当先行词是those,he,she,anyone,one,noone,all,nobody,anybody,none等人称代词时,常用who引导,不用that。•Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.自助者天助。•Hewhohesitatesmustbelost.•当断不断,必受其乱。7.as从句的先行词是thesame,such,或被他们所修饰;多用于表示肯定意义的从句中,不用于表否定意义的从句中。Manyofthesportsarethesameastheywerewhentheystarted.Theresultwasnotsuchasheexpected.Itwasraininghard,which(as)wasunexpected.•8.but在英语句子中可用作关系代词•but在英语句子中可用作关系代词,引导定语从句。但应特别注意but常与否定词连用,表示肯定意义。•Thereisnooldhabitbutmaybecuredbyastrongwillpower.•没有顽强的意志力改不了的旧习惯。•Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedinafewhours.•由于引进了电子计算机,没有在几小时内解决不了的复杂问题。•9.than也可以用作关系代词•than也可以用作关系代词引导定语从句,但要注意主句中必须有比较级形式和than前后呼应,同时than后谓语的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。•Thequestionismorecomplicatedthanappearsonthesurface.•问题比表面上看起来的要复杂得多。•Hesmokedmorecigarettesthanwerenormallyavailable•他吸的香烟比他通常弄到的要多。•Weoftenadvisehimnottodrinkmorewinethanisgoodforhishealth.•我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。•Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.•要彻底理解这种局势需要作比迄今为止更多的思考。10.关系代词that和关系副词when,where,why•先行词为表示时间、地点或原因的名词时并不都用相应的关系副词when,where,why引导,关键要看它在定语从句中所作的成分。如果在从句中作主语或宾语则用关系代词which或that。比较:•Istillrememberthedayswhenwestudiedtogetherinthisschool.(when在从句中作状语)•Istillrememberthedayswhichwespendtogetherinthisschool.(which在从句中作spend的宾语)•Thisisthemuseumwhichwevisitedlastweek.•(which在从句中作visited的宾语)•Thisistheplacewherethetrafficaccidentoccurred.(where在从句中作状语)•Thereasonwhyherefusedherisnotknown.•why在从句中作状语)•Thereasonwhichhegaveisunbelievable.•(which在从句中作gave的宾语)•ThisisthehouseinwhichLouisXIIIlived.•=ThisishousewhichLouisXIIIlivedin.•=ThisisthehousewhereLouisXIIIlived.••11.在case,point,condition,situation等表示“情况、方面”的名词后亦可用where引导,意为“在这种情况下”。例如:•Hehasreachedthepointwhereachangeisneeded.•他已到了需要改弦易张的地步。•Cheatingismostlikelytohappeninsituationswherethevitalinterestsarehighandthechancesofgettingcaughtarelow.•在利益丰厚而且被人发现的可能性很小的情况下,欺诈行为最有可能发生。12介词+关系代词中代词的确定•先行词I’llneverforgetthedayonwhich\whenIjoinedtheparty.b.句子表达的意思ThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedgotsacked.c.在非限制性定语从句中,名词\代词+of+which\whom表示整体与部分的关系Theworkers,someofwhomstayedforfouryears,camefromdifferentcountries.d.介词的位置一般放在关系代词之前,有时也可放在从句中原来的位置上。e.g.Wediditinthesamewayinwhichhedid\whichhedidin.•注意:1)两个词或三个词构成的固定短语,在定语从句中一般不将介词分开放在关系代词中,这类固定短语如inadditionto;takecareof;payattentionto;lookforwardto;listento,lookfor等。例如:•Suchathingwhichwecannotputupwithmustnothappenanylonger.•我们不能容忍这样的事情再次发生。•2)whose多指人,也可指物,可以ofwhich代替。指物时,在限制性定语从句中,多用whose,而ofwhich多用于非限制性定语从句中。例如:•Acompasshasaneedle,theendsofwhich(=whoseends)alwayspointnorthandsouth.指南针的指针总是指向北方或南方。•Hepickedupthebookwhosecoverhadbeenbroken.•他挑了一本封皮破了的书。
本文标题:英语语法专题讲座5-定语从句
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