共享-EST Translation Unit13-定语从句翻译

ESTTranslationUnit13TranslationofAttributiveClauseINTRODUCTIONAttributiveclauseincludesRestrictiveAttributiveClause(RA)andNon-RestrictiveAttributiveClause(NRA).RAclauseshaveacloserelationtothewordstheymodify(ortheirantecedent先行词).NRAclauseanditsantecedentisnotclose,characterizedbyacommabetweentheprincipalandtheattributiveclause,holdsalooserelationshipwiththeantecedent,functioningasasupplementarypartinthesentence.•Accordingly,attributiveclausescanbetranslatedinthreeways:1.Sincerestrictiveattributiveclauseistomodifyanoun,itisusuallyputbeforeitsantecedent.Buttheclausehastobeshortenoughsoasnottobreakthemainsentence.(combination)Combination(合译法)把定语从句译成“…的”这一结构，作前置定语。这一方法适合于较短的限制性定语从句。因为限制性定语从句与所修饰的词关系密切，若分开译则会影响主句意思的完整。也有一些非限制性定语从句，或因结构较短，或因与被修饰词关系较为密切，或因拆译后将会造成译文结构松散，在这种情况下也可以译成前置定语结构。EX1：Iwanttobuyahousewhichisinexpensiveyetcomfortable.EX1：我想买一座又便宜又舒适的房子。Butiftheattributiveclausemaycauseambiguityorlogicmistake,itshouldbeputafteritsantecedent,usuallyasanindividualsentence：EX2:Theykilledfourmenandinjuredthefifthwholaterdiedofhiswounds.ＥＸ2：他们打死四人，打伤一人，伤者后来因伤势过重而死去。2.Intranslationofnon-restrictiveattributiveclause,weusuallysplititfromthemainsentenceandputitintoanindependentsentence.(splitting/division)Division(分译法)把结构复杂且较长的定语从句后置，译成并列分句。重复先行词的含义，可加上“这”、“该”、“其”、或译为“它”、“它们”。这一方法适合非限制性定语从句，或是长而复杂的限制性定语从句。1)Non-restrictiveattributivesentencesareusuallytoolongtobeputinonesinglesentence:EX3:WorldWarIIwasmorecomplexthanWorldWarI,whichwasacollisionamongtheimperialistpowersoverthespoilsofmarkets,recoursesandterritories.•EX3:第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突，因而第二次世界大战比第一次更复杂。2)Non-restrictiveattributiveclauseisusuallydescriptiveorexplanativeratherthanrestrictive.Soifyouusethemtorestrictanoun,sometimesambiguitymayarise.EX4:Hisfather,whoisinHongkong,willreturntoTaipeinextweek.•ＥＸ4－V1：他在香港的爸爸下星期要回台北。(他还有别的爸爸）•ＥＸ4－V２：他爸爸现在在香港，下星期回台北。Butpleaseremember:There’snorulewithoutexception.Somenon-restrictiveattributiveclausesarealsorestrictiveinmeaning.EX5:Americanfamilies,whichhostforeignstudents,arenotpaid,thoughtheyareallowedasmallincometaxdeduction.EX5:收留外国学生的美国家庭得不到报酬，但可以少量地减少所得税。3.Sometimesanattributiveclausedoesn’tserveasattributiveatall.Instead,itistoexplainthereason,condition,resultandconcession.Therefore,itcanbetranslatedintoadverbial.(Conversion)ＥＸ6：Theytriedtostampouttherevolt,whichspreadallthemorefuriouslythroughoutthecountry.EX6:他们企图扑灭反抗，结果反抗越来越猛，遍及全国。(表示结果）EX7:Inadisputebetweentwostateswithwhichoneisfriendly,trynottogetinvolved.EX7:当两国发生争端时，如与两国都友好，则力避卷入。（表示条件）EX8:Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangerates,setupafterWorldWarII,wasdismantled.EX8:国际化的趋势开始于20世纪70年代，当时二战后建立起来的固定汇率制瓦解了。（表示时间）EX9:Copper,whichoffersverylittleresistance,isusedsowidelyforcarryingelectricity.EX9:铜的电阻很小，所以广泛用来输电。（表示原因）AfewRulestoGoByi.SplitthemodifiersorclausesintoseveralshortersentencessoastomaketheChineseversionmorecoherent.ＥＸ10：Thetobaccoindustry,coupledwithHollywoodmoviesinwhichbothmaleandfemaleheroessmokedlikechimneys,completelywonoverpeoplelikemyfather,whowerehopelesslyhookedbycigarettes.EX10:烟草业，再加上好莱坞电影——影片中的男女主角都是老烟鬼——把像我父亲那样的人完完全全争取了过去，他们无可救药地抽烟上了瘾。ii.SplitthelongsentenceintoshorteroneaccordingtotheorderintheEnglishoriginal,especiallywhenthetheorderisinaccordancewithoneintheChineseversion.EX11：Ipickthemup,takethemintothekitchen,wherethelightisbetter,andstudythem—they’refiltered,forwhichIamgrateful.•EX11:我拿起香烟，走到厨房里去仔细察看，那里的光线好一点——谢天谢地，那是有过滤嘴的。EX12：Inthesepoorcountries,asinAmericaninnercitiesandonreservations,moneythatshouldbespentforfoodgoesinsteadtothetobaccocompanies;overtime,peoplestarvethemselvesofbothfoodandair,effectivelyweakeningandhookingtheirchildren,eventuallykillingthemselves.EX12：就像在美国的市中心和印第安人的居留地上发生的事一样，在这些贫困的国家里，那些本应该花在食物上的钱却流进了烟草公司。久而久之，人们不但缺少食物，而且还缺少空气，这样不但大大削弱了孩子们的体质，还使他们染上了烟瘾,最终使他们丧命。iii.SplitthelongsentenceinChineseaccordingtothenativerangeofChinese.ＥＸ13：IrealizenowthatasachildIsatby,throughtheyears,andliterallywatchedmyfatherkillhimself:surelyonesuchvictoryinmyfamily,fortheprosperousleaderswhoownthetobaccocompanies,isenough.ＥＸ13：现在，我意识到了，当我还是一个孩子的时候，许多年中，我实际上是一直坐在旁边，看着我父亲自杀。对于那些生意兴隆的烟草公司的巨头们来说，能在我家取得这样一种胜利，肯定是够满意了。EX14.Hepouredintohiswritingallthepainofhislifeandtheconvictionithadbroughttohimthattheworldcouldbemadeabetterplacetoliveinifthepeoplebecamethemastersoftheirfate.他在作品里倾诉了自己一生的痛苦和这种痛苦给他带来的一种信念，认为如果人民成为自己命运的主人，世界就会变得美好。EX14.Andheknewhowashamedhewouldhavebeenifshehadknownhismotherandthekindofplaceinwhichhewasborn,andthekindofpeopleamongwhomhewasborn.EX14：他出生在这一类人中间，他出生在这种地方，他有这样的母亲；这些要是让她知道了的话，他知道该多么丢人。EX15.Theincreasingscaleandscopeoftheexperimentsneededtotestnewhypothesesanddevelopnewtechniquesandindustrialprocessesledtothesettingupofresearchgroupsandteamsusinghighly-complicatedequipmentinelaborately-designedlaboratories.EX15.为了检验新的假设和发展新技术与新工艺，需要进行一些实验，由于实验的规模和范围越来越大，就产生了这样一些研究小组和集体，他们在精心设计的实验室里用极为复杂的仪器进行研究。EX16.Inreality,thelinesofdivisionbetweensciencesarebecomingblurred,andscienceisagainapproachingthe“unity”thatithadtwocenturiesagoalthoughtheaccumulatedknowledgeisenor