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目录设计说明书一、设计项目背景·······················································································2二、生产工艺流程·······················································································4三、生产规模·····························································································5四、物料衡算结果·······················································································5五、能量衡算结果·······················································································5六、设备选型·····························································································6计算说明书一、物料衡算·····························································································71、每小时生产能力的计算············································································72、生产工艺流程示意图···············································································73、各塔物料衡算························································································7二、能量衡算·····························································································9三、设备选型(冷凝器2的选型计算)·····························································101、水的定性温度·······················································································102、按热面积设定·······················································································113.传热系数·····························································································11设计说明书设计项目:乙醇精馏车间产品名称:工业乙醇产品规格:纯度95%一、设计项目背景:1.乙醇的理化性质乙醇又称酒精,分子式为3CH2,相对分子质量46.07。为无色透明、易燃易挥发的液体,有酒的气味和刺激性辛辣味,溶于水、甲醇、乙醚和氯仿,能溶解许多有机化合物和若干无机化合物,具有吸湿性,能与水形成共沸混合物,蒸气与空气形成爆炸性混合物,爆炸极限4.319.0%(体积)。无水乙醇相对密度0.7893(20/4℃),熔点-117.3℃,沸点78.32℃,折射率1.3614,闪点(闭杯)14℃。工业乙醇(含乙醇95%)折射率1.3651,表面张力(20℃)22.8,粘度(20℃)1.41·s,蒸气压(20℃)5.732,比热容(23℃)2.58(g·℃),闪点12.8℃,相对密度0.816,沸点78.15℃,凝固点-114℃,自燃点793℃。2.乙醇的用途乙醇有相当广泛的用途,是重要的有机溶剂,广泛用于用于溶结树脂,制造涂料。医疗上常用75%(体积分数)的酒精做消毒剂,它可以渗入细菌体内,在一定浓度下能使蛋白质凝固变性而杀灭细菌。因不能杀灭芽孢和病毒,故不能直接用于手术器械的消毒,50%稀醇可用于预防褥瘊,25%~30%稀醇可擦浴,用于高热病人,使体温下降。除用作燃料,制造饮料和香精外,乙醇也是一种重要的有机化工原料,如用于制造乙醛、乙二烯、乙胺、乙酸乙酯、乙酸、氯乙烷等等,并衍生出染料、涂料、香料、合成橡胶、洗涤剂、农药等产品的许多中间体,其制品多达300种以上,但目前乙醇作为化工产品中间体的用途正在逐步下降,许多产品例如乙醛、乙酸、乙基乙醇已不再采用乙醇作原料而用其他原料代替。经过专门精制的乙醇也可用于制造饮料。与甲醇类似,乙醇可作能源使用,有的国家已开始单独用乙醇作汽车燃料或掺到汽油(10%以上)中使用以节约汽油3.乙醇的制备方法(1)水合法以乙烯和水为原料,通过加成反应制取。水合法分为间接水合法和直接水合法两种。间接水合法也称硫酸酯法,反应分两步进行。先把95-98%的硫酸和50-60%的乙烯按2:1(重量比)在塔式反应器吸收反应,60-80℃、0.78-1.96条件下生成硫酸酯。第二步是将硫酸酯在水解塔中,于80-100℃、0.2-0.29压力下水解而得乙醇,同时生成副产物乙醚。直接水合法即乙烯直接与水反应生成乙醇,反应一步完成,由乙烯和水在磷酸催化剂存在下高温加压水合制得。OHCHCHOHHCHCH23,,22催化剂加压本法流程简单、腐蚀性小,不需特殊钢材,副产乙醚量少,但要求乙烯纯度高,耗电量大。无论用发酵法或乙烯水合法,制得的乙醇通常都是乙醇和水的共沸物,即浓度为95%的工业乙醇。为获得无水乙醇,可用下列方法进一步脱水:(1)用生石灰处理工业乙醇,使水转变成氢氧化钙,然后蒸出乙醇,再用金属钠干燥,这是最老的方法。(2)共沸精馏脱水是目前工业上常用的方法。(3)用离子交换剂或分子筛脱水,然后再精馏。(2)发酵法发酵法制乙醇是在酿酒的基础上发展起来的,在相当长的历史时期内,曾是生产乙醇的唯一工业方法。发酵法的原料可以是含淀粉的农产品,如谷类、薯类或野生植物果实等;也可用制糖厂的废糖蜜;或者用含纤维素的木屑、植物茎秆等。这些物质经水洗、粉碎后,进行加压蒸煮,使淀粉糊化,再加入适量的水,冷却至60℃左右加入淀粉酶,使淀粉依次水解为麦芽糖和葡萄糖。然后加入酶母菌进行发酵制得乙醇。发酵液中乙醇的质量分数约为6%~10%,并含有其它一些有机杂质,经精馏可得95%的工业乙醇。二、生产工艺流程:(1)流程说明:原料经换热器3由27℃加热到77℃,然后进入精馏塔Ⅰ;从精馏塔Ⅰ顶得到浓度为60%()的乙醇溶液;塔底液不含乙醇,釜液温度99℃,经换热器3用来加热进料;浓度为60%的乙醇溶液在加热气化(泡点80℃)后进入精馏塔Ⅱ,进一步分离为95%的工业乙醇和水。塔底加热介质均为饱和水蒸汽。两个塔均以3:1的回流比操作,回流液温均为泡点(塔Ⅰ为80℃,塔Ⅱ为78℃)。塔顶冷凝器和热交换器2的冷却水进口温度为27℃,出口水温为50℃。(2)流程图:热交换器再沸器1冷凝器1谷物浆27℃水80%乙醇10%有机物10%精馏塔1精馏塔2液体77℃回流比R=3乙醇60%水40%蒸发器饱和蒸汽有机物和水再沸器2冷凝器2冷却器回流比R=3乙醇38℃釜液(水)99℃冷却水冷却水冷却水乙醇精制车间流程图冷凝水2atm饱和水蒸汽三、生产规模:年生产能力:5000吨/年。年连续生产工作日:328天/年。连续生产每小时产量:635.16千克/小时四、物料衡算结果进口组成出口组成物料名称组成(%)流量(千克/小时)馏出液鉴残液物料名称组成(%)流量(千克/小时)物料名称流量(千克/小时)精馏塔1总谷物浆1006034.02总液量1001005.67有机物水5028.35乙醇有机物水101080603.40603.404827.22乙醇水6040603.40402.27精馏塔2总液量1001005.67产品100635.16水370.51乙醇水6040603.40402.27乙醇水955603.4031.76五、能量衡算结果热量传递Q(.)冷凝水流量()冷凝器11754.3918.27冷凝器21066.9711.11六、设备选型由计算说明书中的计算结果得到%6.22%100621.0621.03.761%100选选计KKK属于10%~25%则初选设备及格,故可选用:管子尺寸(碳钢):5.225公称面积:43.5m2换热管长度:4.5m壳管流通面积:s1=0.0198m2管子根数:126中心排管数:12管程数:2(双层管)公称直径:=0.45m管外径:md025.00管内径:mdi02.0管子排列方法:正三角形排列计算说明书一:物料衡算1、每小时生产能力的计算。(1)、根据设计任务,乙醇的年生产能力为5000吨/年(2)、全年365日,除去机械维修等,实际连续工作日为328天。(3)、每昼夜24小时连续生产,则每小时生产能力为:q产量hkghkg/16.63524328/1050003天吨2.生产工艺流程示意图:热交换器再沸器1冷凝器1谷物浆27℃水80%乙醇10%有机物10%精馏塔1精馏塔2液体77℃回流比R=3乙醇60%水40%蒸发器饱和蒸汽有机物和水再沸器2冷凝器2冷却器回流比R=3乙醇38℃釜液(水)99℃冷却水冷却水冷却水乙醇精制车间流程图冷凝水2atm饱和水蒸汽3、各塔物料衡算精馏塔I的进料液的量为,1,进料时含10%乙醇的组成为xF,1,而精馏塔I回流液的量为,1,馏出液的量为,1,馏出液含60%乙醇的组成为xD,1,塔底流出液的量为,1;进入精馏塔的进料量为,2,而精馏塔回流液的量为,2,馏出液的量为,2,馏出液含95%乙醇的组成为xD,2,塔底流出液的量为,2己知:xF,1=0.10,xF,2=xD,1=0.60,xD,2=0.95,R=3:1,t1=27℃,t2=50℃,,2hkghdkg/16.635243281050003根据物料守衡,得精馏塔Ⅱ,2xF,2=,2xD,2,2=,2+,2,2=R×,2代入数据:,2×60%=635.16×95%,2=635.16kg,2,2=3×635.16得:,2=1005.67=1.006,2=370.51=0.371,2=1905.48=1.905精馏塔Ⅰ:,1xF,1=,1xD,1,1=,2,1=,1+,1xD,1=xF,2,1=R×,1代入数据得:,1=6034.02=6.034,1=5028.35=5.028,1=3×1005.673017.01=3.017(1)总进口谷物浆=635.16×0.95×(0.1+0.1+0.8)/0.1=6034.02=6.034水=6034.02×0.80=4827.22乙醇=6034.02×0.10=603.40有机物=6034.02×0.10=603.40(2)精馏塔1中馏出液中乙醇流量不变,还是为603.40=0.603;水的流量:603.40×0.40/0.60=402.27=0.402鉴残液中水的流量:4827.22-402.27=4424.95=4.425;有机物的流量不变还为:603.40=0.603(3)精馏塔2中进口组成也就是精馏塔1的馏出液组分组成。馏出液,即为产品量:635.16kg=0.635,其中水流量为635.16×0.05=31.76=0.032鉴残液只含有水,其流量为:402.27-31.76=370.51kg=0.370
本文标题:乙醇精馏设计
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