BiologicalRemovalofNitrogenfromWastewater脱氮

C2159CommunicatedbyDr.DavidM.WhitacreG.Zhu,Y.Peng(),J.GuoSchoolofMunicipalandEnvironmentalEngineering,HarbinInstituteofTechnology,Harbin150090,P.R.ChinaB.LiDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofConnecticut,261Glen-brookRd.,UNIT-2037,Storrs,CT06269Y.Peng,Q.Yang,S.WangKeyLaboratoryofBeijingWaterQualityScienceandWaterEnvironmentRecoveryEngi-neering,BeijingUniversityofTechnology,Beijing100022,P.R.ChinaG.ZhuSKLEAC,ResearchCenterforEco-EnvironmentalSciences,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100085,P.R.ChinaBiologicalRemovalofNitrogenfromWastewaterGuibingZhu,YongzhenPeng,BaikunLi,JianhuaGuo,QingYang,andShuyingWangContentsI.Introduction.......................................................................................................159II.ConventionalBiologicalTechnologiesforNitrogenRemoval...................161A.MechanismandPrinciple...........................................................................161B.TypicalProcessesforBiologicalRemovalofNitrogen.........................161C.DisadvantagesandLimitationsofConventionalProcesses.................163III.NovelBiologicalProcessesforNitrogenRemoval......................................163A.SimultaneousNitrificationandDenitrification.......................................163B.ShortcutNitrificationandDenitrification...............................................165C.AnaerobicAmmoniumOxidation(ANAMMOX)................................170D.AerobicDeammonitrification...................................................................176E.CompletelyAutotrophicNitrogenRemovaloverNitrite(CANON)....................................................................................................177F.Oxygen-LimitedAutotrophicNitrification-Denitrification(OLAND)....................................................................................................179G.CurrentStatusofNitrifyingBacteria.......................................................180IV.CriticalComparisonsoftheVariousTechnologies......................................182Summary............................................................................................................184Acknowledgments............................................................................................185References.........................................................................................................185I.IntroductionTheremovalofammoniafromwastewaterhasbecomeaworldwideemergingconcernbecauseammoniaistoxictoaquaticspeciesandcausesRevEnvironContamToxicol192:159–195©Springer2008IEW_05.indd159IEW_05.indd1598/21/200712:10:44PM8/21/200712:10:44PM160G.Zhuetal.C2eutrophicationinnaturalwaterenvironments(Tchobanoglousetal.2003).Nitrogencompoundsinwastewatercanonlybeeffectivelyremovedbybiologicalapproaches(EPA1993;Zhuetal.2007a,b).Basedonthemicro-bialnitrogencycleandthemetabolismofinorganicnitrogencompounds(Fig.1),manybiologicaltechnologiesandprocesseshavebeendevelopedandimplementedfornitrogenremovalfromwastewater,suchaspredeni-trification(Anoxic/Oxic),modifiedBardenpho,Bio-denitro,sequencingbatchreactor(SBR),oxidationditch(OD),stepfeeding,anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic(A2/O),andUniversityofCapeTown(UCT)processes(Wentzeletal.1992;Østgaardetal.1997;WilliamsandBeresford1998;Tchobano-glousetal.2003;Paietal.2004).Theseprocesseshavebeenwidelyemployedinwastewatertreatmentplantsfornitrificationanddenitrification(EPA1993).However,withtheeffluentdischargestandardshavingbecomemorestringent(10mgtotalnitrogen/L),conventionalprocessescannotmeetthenewrequirements(KhinandAnnachhatre2004).Severalnovelnitrogenremovalprocesseshavebeendevelopedtoenhancenitrificationanddenitrification.Thisreviewfocusesonthesenovelprocesses,includingsimultaneousnitrificationanddenitrification(SND),shortcutnitrificationanddenitrification,anaerobicammoniumoxidation(ANAMMOX),aerobicdeammonitrification,completelyautotrophicnitrogenremovalovernitrite(CANON),oxygen-limitedautotrophicnitrification-denitrification(OLAND)processes(Mulleretal.1995;Strousetal.1999;Fuxetal.2002;Thirdetal.2001;Schmidtetal.2003;Nielsenetal.2005;PengandZhu2006).Particularly,thisreviewpresentsacriticalcomparisonofvariousbiologicalprocesses,discussesthekeycontrolparam-eters,andsummarizesthecurrentresearchstatusoffunctionalmicroorgan-ismsfornitrogenremoval.Moreover,severalchallengingandunsolvedproblemsoftheseprocessesareaddressed.Fig.1.Microbialnitrogencycle.(FromRickandStuart2001.)N2ONitrousoxideN2NitrogenNitrogenfixationNH4+AmmoniumionAmmoniaoxidationNH2OHHydroxylamineNONitricoxideNO2-NitriteBiomasNitratereductionNitriteoxidationNO3-NitrateDissimilatorynitritereductionIEW_05.indd160IEW_05.indd1608/21/200712:10:44PM8/21/200712:10:44PMNitrogenRemovalfromWastewater161C2II.ConventionalBiologicalTechnologiesforNitrogenRemovalA.MechanismandPrincipleConventionalmicrobialnitrogenremovalisbasedonautotrophicnitri-ficationandheterotrophicdenitrification.Inthefirststepofnitrifica-tion,ammonia-oxidizingbacteria(AOB)oxidizeammonium(NH4+)tonitrite(NO2−)viahydroxylamine(NH2OH)(reactions1and2,below).Membrane-