Chap1

1999CRCPressLLCPartIIntroductiontoInternationalEnvironmentalStandardsdividers.fmPage53Sunday,August19,20011:41PM11999CRCPressLLCIntroduction“Manhasthefundamentalrighttofreedom,equalityandadequateconditionsoflife,inanenvironmentofaqualitythatpermitsalifeofdignityandwell-being,andhebearsasolemnresponsibilitytoprotectandimprovetheenvironmentforpresentandfuturegenerations.”Principle1,TheStockholmDeclarationSignificantchangesintheenvironmentalfieldhaverequiredare-evaluationoftheenvironmentalprotectionprogramsinplacearoundtheworld.Althoughreductionsinpollutionlevelshavebeenrealizedincertainareas,necessaryexpectationsforenvironmentalprotectionhavenotbeenmetinspiteofextensiveregulatoryprogramsandcostexpenditures.Thisbookexaminesnewapproachestoenvironmentalprotection,includingtheemergingfieldofinternationalenvironmentallawandenvironmentalmanagementsystems(EMSs).Thisbookisintendedforenvironmentalprofessionals,regulators,students,educators,lawyers,businessleaders,organizers,andothers.Itisintendedtoprovideinformationonenvironmentalprotectionsprograms,internationaltreaties,nationallaw,environmentalmanagementsystems,andcodesofbusinesspractice.Asastudent,usethisbooktoassistintheresearchofinternationalenvironmentallaw,regulatorycompliance,orenvironmentalmanagement.Learnaboutexistingprinciplesrecommendedforbusinessestobegoodstewardsoftheenvironmentwhileimprovingefficiency.Asagovernmentofficial,usethisbooktostayinformedaboutemergingstrategiestoaddressenvironmentalproblemsfrombothbusinessandothernations.Asabusinesspersonorenvironmentalprofessional,thisbookprovidesahostofreferencesandmaterialstoassistinprogramdevelopment.Educatorsmayusethisbookforprogramdeliveryandreference.Individualsmaylearnthenationalandinternationaleffortstoimprovetheenvironmentanddeterminetheimpetusforlocalprograms.Foracompanytomeetitsenvironmentalpolicy,theymusturgentlycomplywithenvironmentallawswhiledevelopingandimplementinganEMS.AstheEMSmovementgrows,studentsofthesubjectneedavarietyofresourcestounderstandthisnewparadigm.SomepeoplehavefounditdifficultifnotimpossibletothinkbeyondcomplianceandembracetheEMSorothersystemtoimproveenvironmentalperformance.Thisworkidentifiestheimportantdriversforsuchanapproach.Corporateenvironmentalpoliciesgobeyondasystemtocomplywithlegalrequirementsintostrategiestoreduceoperatingcostsandimprovesales(Figure1).JenniferKrausofGlobalEnvironmentalConsultingCompany,Inc.hasprovidedinsightintoISO14000conformancebasedonhermanyyearsofexperienceworkingwithcompaniesonEMSdevelopmentandimplementation.JohnGrosskopf,PE,DEE,presidentofEnvironmentalResourcesEngineering,hasprovidedguidancetotheapproachofU.S.federalagencyactionsregardingtheEMSandregulatoryprograms.NancyMontgomeryofEnvironmentalOutsourceeffectivelyintroducesthesubjectinChapter2.Iwishtothankallthecontributingauthorsforprovidingtheirvaluableexpertise.Chap1.fmPage1Sunday,August19,200111:54AM1999CRCPressLLCFigure1EnvironmentalPerformanceChartTransboundarymovementofpollutionandthedesiretobalanceeconomicgrowthandenvi-ronmentalprotectionhavestimulatedavarietyofactionsfrombusinesses,countries,states,andorganizationsaroundtheworld.Someinvolvenationallawsandregulationsandothersareintheformoftreatiesforenvironmentalprotectionorpromotionofbalancedtrade.GatheringsofcountryrepresentativesinStockholmandRiodeJaneirohaveproducedprinciplesandproclamationsthatrecognizetheneedforenvironmentalprotectionandtherightofindividualstatestoexploittheirownresourceswithoutdamagingtheenvironmentofotherstates.Thetextofmanyofthesetreatieshasbeenprovidedhereaswellassummariesofactionstakenbykeyorganizationsoftheworld,includingtheUnitedNationsandtheEuropeanUnion.TheframeworkforthedevelopmentandimplementationofEUlegislationisespeciallyimportantevenforlocalU.S.businesses.Thedoctrineofdirecteffectshouldstimulateregulatorsandgovernmentrepresentativestoimplementdirectivesintheirrespectivecountries.Theinternethasbecomesuchanimportanttoolforbusinessandwasinstrumentalindevelopingthisbook.Alistofinternetande-mailaddressesforcontactsaroundtheworldisprovidedinChapter14.Environmentalproblemsaresituationalandtypicallyareaddressedonanas-neededbasis.Theseproblemsrequireanalysis,planning,andaction.Thisbookhasorganizedmanyoftheinternationalagreementsandrequirementsbytopic,includingairpollution,waterquality,andhazardouswaste.Theserequirementsandrecommendationsincludeguidelines,standards,laws,regulations,codesofconduct,treaties,protocols,conventions,guidelines,caselaw,recommenda-tions,declarations,policies,agreements,measures,principles,reports,directives,ororders.Usethisinformationtoimproveenvironmentalqualitywhilemeetingstrategicobjectives.ScottS.OlsonLittleton,ColoradoNovember1998Chap1.fmPage2Sunday,August19,200111:54AM