DigitalSimulationinElectrochemistry3rdedDi

LectureNotesinPhysicsEditorialBoardR.Beig,Wien,AustriaW.Beiglb¨ock,Heidelberg,GermanyW.Domcke,Garching,GermanyB.-G.Englert,SingaporeU.Frisch,Nice,FranceP.H¨anggi,Augsburg,GermanyG.Hasinger,Garching,GermanyK.Hepp,Z¨urich,SwitzerlandW.Hillebrandt,Garching,GermanyD.Imboden,Z¨urich,SwitzerlandR.L.Jaffe,Cambridge,MA,USAR.Lipowsky,Golm,GermanyH.v.L¨ohneysen,Karlsruhe,GermanyI.Ojima,Kyoto,JapanD.Sornette,Nice,France,andLosAngeles,CA,USAS.Theisen,Golm,GermanyW.Weise,Garching,GermanyJ.Wess,M¨unchen,GermanyJ.Zittartz,K¨oln,GermanyTheEditorialPolicyforMonographsTheseriesLectureNotesinPhysicsreportsnewdevelopmentsinphysicalresearchandteaching-quickly,informally,andatahighlevel.Thetypeofmaterialconsideredforpublicationincludesmonographspresentingoriginalresearchornewanglesinaclassicalfield.Thetimelinessofamanuscriptismoreimportantthanitsform,whichmaybepreliminaryortentative.Manuscriptsshouldbereasonablyself-contained.Theywilloftenpresentnotonlyresultsoftheauthor(s)butalsorelatedworkbyotherpeopleandwillprovidesufficientmotivation,examples,andapplications.AcceptanceThemanuscriptsoradetaileddescriptionthereofshouldbesubmittedeithertooneoftheserieseditorsortothemanagingeditor.Theproposalisthencarefullyrefereed.Afinaldecisionconcerningpublicationcanoftenonlybemadeonthebasisofthecompletemanuscript,butotherwisetheeditorswilltrytomakeapreliminarydecisionasdefiniteastheycanonthebasisoftheavailableinformation.ContractualAspectsAuthorsreceivejointly30complimentarycopiesoftheirbook.NoroyaltyispaidonLectureNotesinPhysicsvolumes.ButauthorsareentitledtopurchasedirectlyfromSpringerotherbooksfromSpringer(excludingHagerandLandolt-Börnstein)ata3313%discountoffthelistprice.Resaleofsuchcopiesoroffreecopiesisnotpermitted.Commitmenttopublishismadebyaletterofinterestratherthanbysigningaformalcontract.Springersecuresthecopyrightforeachvolume.ManuscriptSubmissionManuscriptsshouldbenolessthan100andpreferablynomorethan400pagesinlength.FinalmanuscriptsshouldbeinEnglish.Theyshouldincludeatableofcontentsandaninformativeintroductionaccessiblealsotoreadersnotparticularlyfamiliarwiththetopictreated.Authorsarefreetousethematerialinotherpublications.However,ifextensiveuseismadeelsewhere,thepublishershouldbeinformed.Asaspecialservice,weofferfreeofchargeLATEXmacropackagestoformatthetextaccordingtoSpringer’squalityrequirements.Westronglyrecommendauthorstomakeuseofthisoffer,astheresultwillbeabookofconsiderablyimprovedtechnicalquality.Thebooksarehardbound,andqualitypaperappropriatetotheneedsoftheauthor(s)isused.Publicationtimeisabouttenweeks.Morethantwentyyearsofexperienceguaranteeauthorsthebestpossibleservice.LNPHomepage(springerlink.com)OntheLNPhomepageyouwillfind:−TheLNPonlinearchive.Itcontainsthefulltexts(PDF)ofallvolumespublishedsince2000.Abstracts,tableofcontentsandprefacesareaccessiblefreeofchargetoeveryone.Informationabouttheavailabilityofprintedvolumescanbeobtained.−Thesubscriptioninformation.Theonlinearchiveisfreeofchargetoallsubscribersoftheprintedvolumes.−Theeditorialcontacts,withrespecttobothscientificandtechnicalmatters.−Theauthor’s/editor’sinstructions.DieterBritzDigitalSimulationinElectrochemistryThirdCompletelyRevisedandExtendedEditionWithSupplementaryElectronicMaterial123AuthorDieterBritzKemiskInstitut˚ArhusUniversitet8000˚ArhusCDenmarkEmail:[e-mail],DigitalSimulationinElectrochemistry,Lect.NotesPhys.666(Springer,BerlinHeidelberg2005),DOI10.1007/b97996LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005920592ISSN0075-8450ISBN3-540-23979-03rded.SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkISBN3-540-18979-32nded.Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkISBN3-540-10564-61sted.publishedasVol.23inLectureNotesinChemistrySpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringeronline.com©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2005PrintedinGermanyTheuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Typesetting:bytheauthorsandTechBooksusingaSpringerLATEXmacropackageCoverdesign:design&production,HeidelbergPrintedonacid-freepaper2/3141/jl-543210ThisbookisdedicatedtoH.H.Bauer,teacherandfriendPrefaceThisbookisanextensiverevisionoftheearlier2ndEditionwiththesametitle,of1988.Thebookhasbeenrewrittenin,Ihope,amuchmoredidac-ticmanner.Subjectssuchasdiscretisationsormethodsforsolvingordinarydifferentialequationsarepreparedcarefullyinearlychapters,andassumedinlaterchapters,sothatthereisclearerfocusonthemeth