SustainabilityScienceandEngineeringVolume2S

SustainabilityScienceandEngineeringSeriesEditors:M.A.AbrahamandR.SheldonInthisseries:Volume1:SustainabilityScienceandEngineering:DefiningPrinciplesEditedbyM.A.AbrahamVolume2:SustainabilityScienceandEngineering:WaterRecyclyingversusDesalinationEditedbyIsabelC.EscobarandAndreaI.Scha¨ferSustainabilityScienceandEngineeringSustainableWaterfortheFuture:WaterRecyclingversusDesalinationVOLUME2EditedbyISABELC.ESCOBARTheUniversityofToledo,Ohio,USAANDREAI.SCHA¨FERTheUniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UKAmsterdamBostonHeidelbergLondonNewYorkOxfordParisSanDiegoSanFranciscoSingaporeSydneyTokyoElsevierRadarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlandsLinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP,UKFirstedition2010Copyrightr2010ProfessorI.EscobarandProfessorA.Scha¨fer.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.AllrightsreservedNopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisherPermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford,UK:phone[phone];fax[phone];email:[e-mail]tyourrequestonlinebyvisitingtheElsevierwebsiteatficationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemadeBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataAcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongressISBN:978-0-444-53115-5ISSN:1871-2711ForinformationonallElsevierpublicationsvisitourwebsiteatelsevierdirect.comPrintedandboundinTheNetherlands101112131410987654321IsabelC.Escobardedicatesthisbooktohermotherandfather,andtothememoryofhergrandmotherandaunt.AndreaI.Scha¨ferdedicatesthisbooktoRikoHannes,bornduringtheproductionofthebook.Withthisbook,IsabelandAndreahonorProfessorMenachemElimelech’sintellectualcontributiontoresearchalongwithhislegacyofsupportingandmentoringthecareersofsomanywomeninthefield.Last,theirfriendshipiswhatmadethisbookpossible.LISTOFCONTRIBUTORSSouhailR.Al-AbedNationalRiskManagementResearchLaboratory,USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,26W.MartinLutherKingDr.,Cincinnati,OH45268,USAGaryAmyUNESCO-IHEInstituteforWaterEducation,Delft,TheNetherlandsPierreBe´rube´DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z4,CanadaRickG.BondBlackandVeatchHyeokChoiDepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofTexasatArlington,416YatesDrive,Arlington,TX76019-0308,USAYoramCohenUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA90095-1592,USABrettDigmanChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment,TheUniversityofToledo,Toledo,OH43606-3390,USADionysiosD.DionysiouDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofCincinnati,Cincinnati,OH45221-0071,USASaraDolnicarMarketingResearchInnovationCentre,SchoolofManagementandMarketing,UniversityofWollongong,NorthfieldsAve.,2522Wollongong,NSW,AustraliaIsabelC.EscobarChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment,TheUniversityofToledo,2801WestBancroftStreet,MS305,Toledo,OH43606-3390,USAChristopherJ.GabelichPalosVerdes,CA90275,USAColleenGoreyChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment,TheUniversityofToledo,Toledo,OH43606-3390,USAxiiiTilakGullinkalaChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment,TheUniversityofToledo,Toledo,OH43606-3390,USARichardHausmanChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment,TheUniversityofToledo,Toledo,OH43606-3390,USAAnnaHurlimannFacultyofArchitectureBuildingandPlanning,TheUniversityofMelbourne,Melbourne3010,AustraliaMariaD.KennedyUNESCO-IHEInstituteforWaterEducation,Delft,TheNetherlandsSabineLattemannInstituteforChemistryandBiologyoftheMarineEnvironment(ICBM),UniversityofOldenburg,Oldenburg,GermanyJosephF.LeisingAppliedResearchandDevelopmentCenter,SouthernNevadaWaterAuthority,LasVegas,NV,USAPanagiotisLianosDepartmentofEngineeringScience,UniversityofPatras,26500Patras,GreeceSybrandMetzWetsus,CentreofExcellenceforSustainableWaterTechnology,P.O.Box1113,8900CCLeeuwarden,TheNetherlandsWilliamMitchDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,YaleUniversity,NewHaven,CT06520,USAAlbertMunozEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofWollongong,NSW2125,AustraliaKittyNijmeijerMembraneTechnologyGroup,InstituteofMechanics,ProcessesandControlTwente(IMPACT),UniversityofTwente,P.O.Box217,7500AEEnschede,TheNetherlandsMartinReinhardDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305-4020,USABryceS.RichardsSchoolofEngineeringandPhysicalSciences,Heriot-WattUniversity,EdinburghEH144AS,UKxivListofContributorsAndreaI.Scha¨ferSchoolofEngineering,UniversityofEdinburgh,EdinburghEH93JL,UKJanC.SchippersUNESCO-IHEIns