WaterandWastewaterEngineering

AtomicAtomicElementSymbolNumberMass†ActiniumAc89(227)AluminumAl1326.98AmericiumAm95(243)AntimonySb51121.8ArgonAr1839.95ArsenicAs3374.92AstatineAt85(210)BariumBa56137.3BerkeliumBk97(247)BerylliumBe49.012BismuthBi83209.0BohriumBh107(262)BoronB510.81BromineBr3579.90CadmiumCd48112.4CalciumCa2040.08CaliforniumCf98(251)CarbonC612.01CeriumCe58140.1CesiumCs55132.9ChlorineCl1735.45ChromiumCr2452.00CobaltCo2758.93CopperCu2963.55CuriumCm96(247)DubniumDb105(262)DysprosiumDy66162.5EinsteiniumEs99(252)ErbiumEr68167.3EuropiumEu63152.0FermiumFm100(257)FluorineF919.00FranciumFr87(223)GadoliniumGd64157.3GalliumGa3169.72GermaniumGe3272.64GoldAu79197.0HafniumHf72178.5HassiumHs108(277)HeliumHe24.003HolmiumHo67164.9HydrogenH11.008IndiumIn49114.8IodineI53126.9IridiumIr77192.2IronFe2655.85KryptonKr3683.80LanthanumLa57138.9LawrenciumLr103(262)LeadPb82207.2LithiumLi36.941LutetiumLu71175.0MagnesiumMg1224.31ManganeseMn2554.94MeitneriumMt109(268)AtomicAtomicElementSymbolNumberMass†MendeleviumMd101(258)MercuryHg80200.6MolybdenumMo4295.94NeodymiumNd60144.2NeonNe1020.18NeptuniumNp93(237)NickelNi2858.69NiobiumNb4192.91NitrogenN714.01NobeliumNo102(259)OsmiumOs76190.2OxygenO816.00PalladiumPd46106.4PhosphorusP1530.97PlatinumPt78195.1PlutoniumPu94(244)PoloniumPo84(209)PotassiumK1939.10PraseodymiumPr59140.9PromethiumPm61(145)ProtactiniumPa91(231)RadiumRa88(226)RadonRn86(222)RheniumRe75186.2RhodiumRh45102.9RubidiumRb3785.47RutheniumRu44101.1RutherfordiumRf104(261)SamariumSm62150.4ScandiumSc2144.96SeaborgiumSg106(266)SeleniumSe3478.96SiliconSi1428.09SilverAg47107.9SodiumNa1122.99StrontiumSr3887.62SulfurS1632.07TantalumTa73180.9TechnetiumTc43(98)TelluriumTe52127.6TerbiumTb65158.9ThalliumTl81204.4ThoriumTh90232.0ThuliumTm69168.9TinSn50118.7TitaniumTi2247.88TungstenW74183.9UraniumU92238.0VanadiumV2350.94XenonXe54131.3YtterbiumYb70173.0YttriumY3988.91ZincZn3065.41ZirconiumZr4091.22*Allatomicmasseshavefoursignificantfigures.ThesevaluesarerecommendedbytheCommitteeonTeachingofChemistry,InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry.†Approximatevaluesofatomicmassesforradioactiveelementsaregiveninparentheses.Source:Chang,R.Chemistry,7thed.Copyright©2002TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.NewYork.Reproducedwithpermission.Listoftheelementswiththeirsymbolsandatomicmasses*1H1.0083Li6.94111Na22.9919K39.1037Rb85.4755Cs132.987Fr(223)20Ca40.0838Sr87.6256Ba137.388Ra(226)21Sc44.9639Y88.9157La138.989Ac(227)22Ti47.8840Zr91.2272Hf178.5104Rf(261)23V50.9441Nb92.9173Ta180.9105Db(262)24Cr52.0042Mo95.9474W183.9106Sg(266)25Mn54.9443Tc(98)75Re186.2107Bh(262)26Fe55.8544Ru101.176Os190.2108Hs(277)27Co58.9345Rh102.977Ir192.2109Mt(268)28Ni58.6946Pd106.478Pt195.129Cu63.5547Ag107.979Au197.030Zn65.4148Cd112.480Hg200.631Ga69.7249In114.881Tl204.432Ge72.6450Sn118.782Pb207.233As74.9251Sb121.883Bi209.034Se78.9652Te127.684Po(209)35Br79.9053I126.985At(210)36Kr83.8054Xe131.386Rn(222)13Al26.9814Si28.0915P30.9716S32.0717Cl35.4518Ar39.955B10.816C12.017N14.018O16.009F19.0010Ne20.182He4.0034Be9.01212Mg24.3158Ce140.190Th232.059Pr140.991Pa(231)60Nd144.292U238.061Pm(145)93Np(237)62Sm150.494Pu(242)63Eu152.095Am(243)64Gd157.396Cm(247)65Tb158.997Bk(247)66Dy162.598Cf(251)67Ho164.999Es(252)68Er167.3100Fm(257)69Tm168.9101Md(258)70Yb173.0102No(259)71Lu175.0103Lr(262)110111112(113)114(115)116(117)11824Cr52.00AtomicnumberAtomicmass11A22A33B44B55B66B77B98B111B122B133A144A155A166A177A188A810The1–18groupdesignationhasbeenrecommendedbytheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(IUPAC)butisnotyetinwideuse.Nonameshavebeenassignedforelements110–112,114,116,and118.Elements113,115,and117havenotyetbeensynthesized.Source:Chang,R.Chemistry,7thed.Copyright©2002TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.NewYork.Reproducedwihpermission.WATERANDWASTEWATERENGINEERINGThispageintentionallyleftblankWATERANDWASTEWATERENGINEERINGDesignPrinciplesandPracticeMackenzieL.Davis,Ph.D.,P.E.,BCEEMichiganStateUniversityNewYorkChicagoSanFranciscoLisbonLondonMadridMexicoCityMilanNewDelhiSanJuanSeoulSingaporeSydneyTorontoCopyright©2010byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.ISBN:978-0-07-171385-6MHID:0-07-171385-9ThematerialinthiseBookalsoappearsintheprintversionofthistitle:ISBN:978-0-07-171384-9,MHID:0-07-171384-0.Alltrademarksaretrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Ratherthanputatrademarksymbolaftereveryoccurrenceofatrademarkedname,weusenamesinaneditorialfashiononly,andtothebenefitofthetrademarkowner,withnointentionofinfringementofthetrademark.Wheresuchdesignationsappearinthisbook,theyhavebeenprintedwithinitialcaps.McGraw-HilleBooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotions,orforuseincorporatetr[e-mail]isworkhasbeenobtainedbyTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.(“McGraw-Hill”)fromsourcesbelievedtobereliable.However,neitherMcGraw-Hilln