保存温度对厌氧氨氧化厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥特性的影响

ENVIRONMENTALBIOTECHNOLOGYInfluenceofpreservationtemperatureonthecharacteristicsofanaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)granularsludgeBao-ShanXing1,2&QiongGuo1,2&Xiao-YanJiang1,2&Qian-QianChen1,2&PengLi1,2&Wei-MinNi1,2&Ren-CunJin1,2Received:28November2015/Revised:28December2015/Accepted:30December2015/Publishedonline:16January2016#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2016AbstractPreservingactiveanaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)biomassisapotentialmethodforsecuringsuffi-cientseedingbiomassfortherapidstart-upoffull-scaleanammoxprocesses.Inthisstudy,anammoxgranuleswereculturedinanupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket(UASB)reac-tor(R0),andthentheenrichedanammoxgranuleswerepre-servedat35,20,4,and−30°C.ThesubsequentreactivationcharacteristicsofthegranuleswereevaluatedinfourUASBreactors(denotedR1,R2,R3,andR4,respectively)toinvesti-gatetheeffectofpreservationtemperatureonthecharacteris-ticsofanammoxgranulesandtheirreactivationperformance.Theresultsdemonstratedthat4°Cwastheoptimalpreserva-tiontemperatureformaintainingthebiomass,activity,settleability,andintegrityoftheanammoxgranulesandtheircellularstructures.Duringthepreservationperiod,afirst-orderexponentialdecaymodelmaybeusedtosimulatethedecayofanammoxbiomassandactivity.Theprotein-to-polysaccharideratiointheextracellularpolymericsubstancesandthehemeccontentcouldnoteffectivelyindicatethechangesinsettleabilityandactivityoftheanammoxgranules,respectively,andalossofbioactivitywaspositivelyassociat-edwiththedegreeofanaerobicammonium-oxidizingbacteriacelllysis.After42daysofstorage,theanammoxgranulespreservedat4°C(R3)exhibitedabetterrecoveryperformancethanthosepreservedat20°C(R2),−30°C(R4),and35°C(R1).Thecomprehensivecomparisonindicatedthat4°Cistheoptimalstoragetemperatureforanammoxgranularsludgebe-causeitpromotesimprovedmaintenanceandrecoveryperfor-manceproperties.KeywordsAnammox.Granularsludge.Preservationtemperature.Reactivation.GranulecharacteristicsIntroductionTheanaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)processre-ferstotheoxidizationofammoniumtonitrogengasusingnitriteastheelectronacceptorintheabsenceofoxygen(Dingetal.2013).Asaninnovativeandsustainablebiologicalnitrogen-removalalternativetotraditionalnitrification-denitrificationtechnology,theanammoxprocesshasseveraladvantages,includingnegligibleexcesssludgeproduction,lowenergyconsumption,andnoexternalorganiccarbonre-quirement(vanderStaretal.2007).Applyingtheanammoxprocesstoremovenitrogenfrommunicipalsewageallowsforwastewatertreatmentplantproceduresthatpromotenetener-gyproduction(Kartaletal.2010).Energy-positivewastewatertreatmentshavethepotentialtoincreasesocietalsustainability,andanammoxisakeyprocessinachievingthisgoal(Lottietal.2015;Xuetal.2015).Althoughtheanammoxprocesshasmanyadvantages,oneofitsdisadvantagesisrelatedtothelongsystemstart-uppe-riod,whichiscausedbytheslowgrowthrateoftheanammoxconsortium(typicaldoublingtimeof15–30days)(AliandOkabe2015;Lottietal.2015;Strousetal.1998;vanderStaretal.2007).Thestart-upoftheanammoxprocesswasElectronicsupplementarymaterialTheonlineversionofthisarticle(doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7292-3)containssupplementarymaterial,whichisavailabletoauthorizedusers.*[e-mail]1CollegeofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,HangzhouNormalUniversity,Hangzhou310036,China2KeyLaboratoryofHangzhouCityforEcosystemProtectionandRestoration,HangzhouNormalUniversity,Hangzhou310036,ChinaApplMicrobiolBiotechnol(2016)100:4637–4649DOI10.1007/s00253-016-7292-3significantlyacceleratedinthepresenceofmatureanammoxseeds(vanderStaretal.2007;Wett2006).Sequentialbio-massadditionshavebeenshowntobeaneffectivemethodforincreasingthedevelopmentandgrowthofanammoxbacteria(Jinetal.2013a).Addingfreshanammoxsludgetotheanammoxreactor,whichisreferredtoasbioaugmentation,increasesthebiomassandreducestheunit-sludgeloadingrateoverashorttimeandmayalsointroducegrowthfactorsthatfavorregrowthafterinhibition(Jinetal.2012).Additionally,intermsoftheworkingmode,thewastewaterflowcouldbestoppedforseveralweeksorevenmonthsbecauseofseasonalclosureoftheindustryandannualmaintenanceorvacationperiods,whicharecommoninbiologicalwastewatertreat-mentindustries(Leitãoetal.2006).Therefore,thepreserva-tionofanammoxbiomassisaninevitabletechnicalissuewhenapplyingtheanammoxprocess(Alietal.2014).Anammoxgranuleshaveseveraladvantagesoverfloccu-lentsludge,suchasadenserandstrongeraggregatestructure,morelikelysolid-effluentseparation,higherbiomassconcen-tration,andgreaterabilitytowithstandshockloadingsandtoxicity.Thegranule-basedprocessisappliedinmorethan20%ofallfull-scalepartialnitritation-anammoxsystems(Lackneretal.2014).However,thepropertiesofanammoxgranulesareimportantfactorsthataffecttheperformanceandrobustnessoftheprocess.Thebiomassandspecificanammoxactivity(SAA)togetherdeterminetheperformanceoftheanammoxprocess.Theparticlesizeoftheanammoxgranulesaffectstheirmasstransferandsettleability,andextracellularpolymericsubstances(EPS)influencethestresstoleranceofthegranules(Xingetal.2015).Therefore,itisessentialtotrackthesludgecharacteristicsandreactivationperformanceoftheanammoxpro