废水脱氮工艺的原理特征与应用赵庆良

第22卷　第5期2005年10月　　　黑龙江大学自然科学学报JOURNALOFNATURALSCIENCEOFHEILONGJIANGUNIVERSITY　Vol.22No.5October,2005　　　　　　、赵庆良,　李　巍(,150090)　:废水因其来源不同,一般会含有不同浓度的化合态氮,直接排入受纳水体,不仅会造成水体中溶解氧的枯竭,还会导致水体的富营养化。为了更好地选择废水脱氮的有效工艺,对废水脱氮的生物、化学、物理化学工艺分别进行了阐述,并分析了各自的脱氮原理、特征、实现条件及应用前景。:废水;脱氮;生物方法;化学方法;物理方法:X703:A:1001-7011(2005)05-0580-08:2005-06-20:(JC04-11);(HIT.MD2002.21):(1962-),,,,,:1　前　言,、,。,。。、、,、、。(—、—、—、、、、、)、(、、、、、、)()。2　废水脱氮工艺原理及特征2.1　、、。,。2.1.1　——(nitrification-denitrification):(NH4+-N),NH4+-N(NO2-N)(NO3-N),(1)(2);NO3-N(N2),,(3)(4)。2NH+4+3O2※2NO-2+2H2O+4H+(1)2NO-2+O2※2NO-3(2)6NO-3+2CH3OH※6NO-2+2CO2+4H2O(3)6NO-2+3CH3OH※3N2+3CO2+3H2O+6OH-(4),。,—:、(A/O、A2/O)、SBR。,、。,(DOI:10.13482/j.issn1001-7011.2005.05.004);,;SBR,。—,[1]:,,;,。,NO2--NNO3--N,。Vasel[2]—,85～90%。Zeng[3]SBRCOD、,,SBR,COD8kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d)0.25kgNH4+-N/(kgMLSS·d)。Szpyrkowicz[4],。2.1.2　——(simultaneousnitrification-denitrification,SND),。,,;[5],,,,,,,,;:,(NH4+)N2。SNDSBR。[6]:,,、,。,、SND,。Nakhla[7]SND,4.8h、12～17d,90%～91%,15OC。Nakhla[8]SND,(TKN)(TN)0.6mg/L1.5mg/L。2.1.3——(shortcutnitrification-denitrification)NH4+(NO2-),NO2-(NO3-),NO2-,。—:2NH+4+3O2※2NO-2+2H2O+4H+(5)6NO-2+3CH3OH※3N2+3CO2+3H2O+6OH-(6)[9]:,,。—,,NH4+-N、,。—DelftSHARON(singlereactorhighac-tivityammoniaremovalovernitrite)。,,[9]。[10]—,NO2-,,—NH4+-NNO2--N。Ciudad[11]NH4+-N,1.4mg/L,NH4+-N95%。Wang[12]SBR—,CODTN90%92%。2.1.4　(AnaerobicAmmoniumOxidation,ANAMMOX)NO2-NH4+N2。[13-14]:·581·第5期赵庆良等:废水脱氮工艺的原理、特征与应用NH+4+NO-2※N2+2H2O(7)NH+4+0.6NO-3※0.8N2+1.8H2O+0.4H+(8)[15]:ANAMMOXNH4+NO3-,NO2-,;ANAMMOX,。,。,20oC～43oC,,。[16],pH7～7.5,30±1℃。,COD,COD800±50mg/L,。Wang[17](EGSB)ANAMMOX,TN、NH4+-N、NO2-—N54.3%、21.7%、99.9%,NH4+-N,3.17mgN/L·h。FUXC[18]ANAMMOX,80～85%。Fux[19]—/。:NH4+-NNH4+-N85%～90%;,(N2O),,/。2.1.5　,[20-21],(Aer-obicdenitrification)。、[22]。,,;,,N2O;,,,,,。,,。[22],,,0.5mg/L,TN66%。Otani[23],500mg/L,NO3-—N。Xie[24]:(10oC);,。2.1.6　[25]:,。,CO2;,CO2,NH4+-N,,,,。:106CO2+236H2O+16NH+4+HPO2-4※C106H181O45N16P+118O2+171H2O+14H+(9),。,,。[26]-、。,。,。。[27],、,,。2.1.7　、。,、、,。、、NH4+-NNO3--N。·582·黑　龙　江　大　学　自　然　科　学　学　报　　　　　　　　第22卷　,(ammonification),。NH4+-N(nitrification)NO3-N。NO2-NNO3-N(N2、N2O)。Sun[28],,329.5mg/L,93.1%。Chang[29],,COD、BOD、TN、NH4+-N40.86%、47.7%、48.7%、93%。NO3--N。Weedon[30],NH4+-N90%。2.1.8　,NO3-,,:5S+6NO-3+8H2O※5H2SO4+6OH-+3N2(10)Koenig[31]UASB,NO3-,:HRT=5.17h,NO3--N400mg/L,100%。,NO3-[32],。、、、,,。2.2　2.2.1　,,,。,NH4+NO2-。NH4+,NH4+,,[33]:,,,,、。,。[34],50%。[35]。,0.6m/d,、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N38.9%、93.11%、10.01%、38.81%,58.2%、78.84%、48.99%98.45%。,、NH4+-N、NO3--N28%、67%、35%。Aiyuk[36],,NH4+-N,6min1.1min,NH4+-N95%47%。2.2.2　,,,NH4+-N[37]。pH,,(NH3),NH3。NH4+-N,,,,pH。NH4+-N95%[37],、、,,。[38],NH4+-N400～700mg/L,90%。[39]。,,68%NH4+-N76%COD,,NH4+-NCOD27%22%。[40]、·583·第5期赵庆良等:废水脱氮工艺的原理、特征与应用Cl-,,96%。[41]——,NH4+-N《》(GB8978—1996)。2.2.3　NH4+-N2090,NH4+、Mg2+、PO43-MgNH4PO4·6H2O。,,TN,,。[42]MgCl2·6H2ONa2HPO4·12H2ONH4+:Mg2+:PO43-1∶1∶1,pH=8.5～9.0,NH4+-N5618mg/L65mg/L。LiZhao[43-44]MgCl2·6H2O+Na2HPO4、MgO+85%H3PO4MgSO4·7H2O+Ca(H2PO4)·H2O,NH4+-N92%、36%、70%。Tunay[45]MAP,,MAP,、。Lee[46],MgCl2,,NH3-N67%73%。,,、,[42]。2.2.4　,,,,,、。,[47]。pH、,,,,,。[48](NH4NO3),。[49](PP),NH4+-N3000～3200mg/LNH4+-N85%。Gain[50]NH4NO3,NH4+-N70%。Ben[51]NH4NO3,NH4+-N。2.2.5　N2,。Cl2COD[52]。,。[53]:,NH4+-NCOD。pH4、[Cl-]=5000mg/L、10A/dm2、SPR、4h、NH4+-N263mg/L、COD693mg/L,NH4+-NCOD100%90.6%。Rao[54],COD、、NH4+-N、、。Ihara[55],NH4+-N。2.2.6　(CatalyticWetAirOxidation,CWO)2080。、,,CO2,H2ON2。[56-57]。,。[58],,NH3-N99%。[59]CuOCu-Mn,,255℃、4.2MPa、pH=10.8、NH4+-N1023mg/L,150minNH4+-N98%。2.2.7　(Cl2)(NaOCl),N2[60]。·584·黑　龙　江　大　学　自　然　科　学　学　报　　　　　　　　第22卷　:NH+4+1.5HOCl-※0.5N2+1.5H2O+2.5H++1.5Cl-(11)Cl2,。Cl2,,,。Cl2、pH。O2,。,,,,,,pH,,。2.3　。,NH4+。[61],60g/L,60g/L,,,。Qin[62],90%～97%。Bohdziewicz[63],、、COD、BOD98.8%、100%、99%、99%。,,。3　除氮工艺存在的问题及展望,,NO2-。[64],,NH4+-N50mg/L800mg/L,COD97.7%78.1%,,。,,,,。,。,,,,。、,。、、,、、。,。、,,、。:[1]　,,.[J].,2003,16(3):43-46.[2]　VASELJL,JUPSINH,ANNACHHATREAP.Nitrogenremovalduringleachatetreatment:comparisonofsimpleandsophisticatedsystems[J].WaterScienceandTechnology,2004,50(6):45-52.[3]　ZENGW,PENGYZ,WANGSY.Atwo-stageSBRprocessforremovaloforganicsubstrateandnitrogenvianitrite-typenitrification-denitrifi-cation[J].JournalofEnvironmentalScienceandHealthPartA-toxic/hazardousSubstancesandEnvironmentalEngineering,2004,39(8):2229-2239.[4]　SZPYRKOWICZL,KAULSN.Biochemicalremovalofnitrogenfromtannerywastewater:performanceandstabilityofafull-scaleplant[J].Jour-nalofChemicalTechnology,2004,79(8):879-888.[5]　DAIGGERGT,LITTLETONHX.Orbal/[J].,1999,15(3):1-7.[6]　POCHANAK,KELLERJ.Studyoffactorsaffectingsimultaneousnitrificationanddenitrification(SND)[J].WaterScienceTechnology,1999,39(6):61-68.[7]　NAKAHLAGF,LUGOWSKIA,SVERDLIKOVA,etal.Simultaneousnitrification-denitrificationandclarificationinapseudoliquifiedactivatedsludgesystem[J].WaterEnvironmentResearch,2005,77(1):98-112.·585·第5期赵庆良等:废水脱氮工艺的原理、特征与应用[8]　NAKHLAG,FAROOQS.Simultaneousnitrification-denitrificationinslowsandfilters[J].JournalOfHazardousMaterials,2003,96(2-3):291-303.[9]　　,,　.—SHARON[J].,2003,25(3):164-166.[10]　,　.[J].,2002,18(11):1-4.[11]　CIUDADG,RUBILARO,MUNOZP,etal.Partialnitrific