氟化物对厌氧氨氧化anammox的抑制作用

640ResearchArticleReceived:18September2014Revised:11December2014Acceptedarticlepublished:16December2014PublishedonlineinWileyOnlineLibrary:29January2015(wileyonlinelibrary.com)DOI10.1002/jctb.4616Theinhibitoryeffectoffluorideonanaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)Yu-XinJi,a,bMei-HongZhu,a,bXiao-QingYe,a,bTing-YuPenga,bandRen-CunJina,b*AbstractBACKGROUND:Anaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)isapromisingprocessfornitrogenremoval,butitcannotalwaysbeusedsuccessfullyinthepresenceofinorganicmatter.Thefeasibilityofusingtheanammoxprocessfortreatingwastewaterthatcontainsfluoridewasexaminedinthisstudy.Theshort-terminhibitoryeffectwastestedatvariousfluorideconcentrationsandexposuretimes,anddiversepre-exposurestrategieswereperformedinspecialserumbottles.Subsequently,thelong-termeffectoffluoridestresswascontinuouslymonitoredandevaluatedinanupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket(UASB)reactor.RESULTS:The50%inhibitoryconcentration(IC50)offluorideforanammoxbiomasswascalculatedtobe767mgL−1inbatchtestswithaninitialtotalnitrogen(TN)levelof200mgL−1.Aremarkableinhibitoryeffectoffluorideemergedwhenthesubstratewassuppliedat420mgL−1TN.Thediameterandsettlingvelocityofthegranulessignificantlyincreasedwiththeadditionof250mgL−1fluoride.CONCLUSION:Theperformanceoftheanammoxsystemandthegranulepropertieswereabnormalatafluorideconcentrationof400mgL−1.TheanammoxUASBreactorwasabletotreatwastewatercontainingupto350mgL−1fluorideafter183days.©2014SocietyofChemicalIndustrySupportinginformationmaybefoundintheonlineversionofthisarticle.Keywords:anammox;fluoride;inhibition;granuleINTRODUCTIONAnaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)isamicrobialreac-tionthatusesNH4+astheelectrondonorandNO2−astheelectronacceptor.1Theapplicationoftheanammoxprocesshasalreadyimprovedenergysavingsandtreatmentefficiencycomparedwithconventionalnitrificationanddenitrificationprocesses.2However,anammoxbacteriaaresensitivetowastewatercomposition3andtohighconcentrationsofinhibitorssuchasalcohol,aldehydes,phenols,4andantibiotics;5inaddition,heavymetals6cansuppressanammoxbacterialgrowth.Fluorideisubiquitousinavarietyofindustrialwastewatersandmostsoiltypes.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)classifiesfluorideasoneofthecontaminantsofwaterforhumancon-sumption.Inaddition,fluorideisoftenabundantinuntreatedindustrialeffluentsfromsomechemicalplantsthatmanufactureorganofluorinecompounds,aluminum,phosphatefertilizer,semi-conductors,glass,andbrick,aswellasincoalpowerplants.7–11Thefluorideconcentrationsinuntreatedindustrialwastewatersshowconsiderablevariations,andarangeof500–2000mgL−1hasbeenreportedineffluentsfromsemiconductorindustryoper-ationsinTaiwan.12,13Itiswellknownthatfluorideisbeneficialforpreventingdentalcavities.However,fluorideispoisonoustoorganismswhenitsconcentrationexceedsspecificvalues,andavailableinformationonthepotentialtoxicityoffluoridetomicroorganismsinbiologicalwastewatertreatmentisverylimited.Thepresenceoffluorideintheanammoxsystemmightaffectbiomassactivityandtheperformanceoftheprocess.Somestudieshavedemonstratedthatfluoridedamagesmicroorganismssuchasnitrifier,methanogenium,andpropionatedegradationbacteriainbiologicalwastewatertreatmentsystems.14,15However,publishedpapersontheinhibitoryeffectoffluorideonanammoxbacteriaarescarce.Theobjectiveofthisstudyistoevaluatetheshort-terminhibitoryeffectofinorganicfluorideunderdiverseconditions,whichcoverstheinfluenceoffluoridelevel,substratecontentandexposuretime.Thispaperalsoreportsonthelong-terminhibitoryeffectoffluorideonanammoxprocessperformanceandanammoxmicrobialfloracharacteristics.MATERIALSANDMETHODSSludgesourcesAnammoxgranularsludgewithaspecificanammoxactivity(SAA)of0.211gtotalnitrogen(TN)g−1volatilesuspendedsolid(VSS)h−1washarvestedfromalaboratory-scaleanammoxupflow∗Correspondenceto:Ren-CunJin,DepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,HangzhouNormalUniversity,Hangzhou310036,China.E-mail:[e-mail]@aliyun.comaDepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,HangzhouNormalUniversity,Hangzhou310036,ChinabKeyLaboratoryofHangzhouCityforEcosystemProtectionandRestoration,HangzhouNormalUniversity,Hangzhou310036,ChinaJChemTechnolBiotechnol2016;91:640–646©2014SocietyofChemicalIndustry641Inhibitoryeffectoffluorideonanammox(kgm−3d−1)StoichiometricratiosPhaseOperatingperiod(d)NH4+-N/NO2−-Nconcen.(mgL−1)HRT(h)FLRa(kgm−3d−1)F−concen.(mgL−1)NREb(%)NLRNRRRScRPdP11–1402800.740.325–8.1410–25088.5±8.9918.1±2.6315.9±2.581.12±0.180.20±0.05P2141–1631400.748.1425079.7±7.908.46±1.246.74±1.181.11±0.130.22±0.09P3164–1831400.749.76–11.4300–35077.1±9.099.32±0.367.19±0.911.15±0.240.20±0.05P4184–1901400.7413.040030.4±21.39.02±0.404.13±1.541.34±0.430.84±0.72aFLR,fluorideloadingrate.bNRE,nitrogenremovalefficiency.cRS=NO2−-Nconversion/NH4+-Ndepletion.dRP=NO3−-Nproduction/NH4+-Ndepletion.anaerobicsludgeblanket(UASB)reactorandwasusedastheseedingsludgetoinoculatetheanammoxreactor.Thebiomassinoculationvolumewasequaltothereactorworkingvolume.Thesuspendedsolid(SS)andtheratiooftheVSStotheSSofth