国内外饮用水水质标准中微生物指标的比较综述

67Vol.6No.720157JournalofFoodSafetyandQualityJul.,2015*通讯作者:,,E-mail:[e-mail]*Correspondingauthor:CUIYan,Engineer,DalianEntry-ExitInspectionandQuarantineBureau,Dalian116400,China.E-mail:[e-mail]崔妍*,刘莹,田卓(,116400)摘要:(GB5749-2006),(EPAWHO),,,,,,,,关键词:;;;ComparativereviewofmicrobialindexesofChineseandforeignwaterqualitystandardsCUIYan*,LIUYing,TIANZhuo(DalianEntry-ExitInspectionandQuarantineBureau,Dalian116400,China)ABSTRACT:Thedifferencesinmicrobialindexesofdrinkingwaterqualitystandardsbetweensanitarystandardfordrinkingwater(GB5749-2006)ofChinaandforeigncountries(ThedrinkingwaterstandardsandhealthadvisoriesbyUS-EPA,guidelinesfordrinking-waterqualitybyWorldHealthOrganization,CouncilDirective98-83-EConthequalityofwaterintendedforhumanconsumptionbyEuropeanUnionandofothercountries)werereviewedinthispaper.Besides,themicrobialindexesanditslimitationofeachdrinkingwaterstandardandsomesuggestionofactualizinganddevelopingwerediscussed.Comparedtoforeigndrinkingwaterstandards,pathogenicEscherichiacoliandpathogenicprotozoan(e.g.Cryptosporidiumandgiardi)hadbeaddedtomicrobialindexesfordrinkingwaterinChina,whichhadbeenbasicallyintegratedwithindexesfordrinkingwaterqualityintheworld,butthesemicrobialindexesalsolackedvirusesandtoxicalgawhichcouldaffectwaterqualitysafetyandthreatensecurityofwateryenvironmentaswellashumanhealth.Consideringtheincreasingstatusoffoodsafety,theregenerableindexesofdrinkingwater,andthestandardizationofsamplelink,thefairandopencheckingreportswillbecomeanimportanttoolforguaranteethesafetyofdrinkingwater.KEYWORDS:drinkingwater;waterquality;microbialindexes;comparativeanalysis1引言(waterquality)()()()[1-3]25746,,,[4-8],,700,,,,[9-13],,,,,[14-17],[18-25],,(environmentalprotectionagency,US-EPA)(EuropeanUnion,EU)(WHO),2国内外主要水质标准中微生物指标概况2.1我国的国标《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB5749-2006,20061229,200771,GB5749-1985,35106,71,8,26,,[26],,(),,[27],,,,,[28-31]2.2美国环保署的《国家饮用水水质标准》(US-EPA)2009,(nationalprimarydrinkingwaterregulations,NPDWRs),,(nationalsecondarydrinkingwaterregulations,NSDWRs),,(,)()[32]87,291624734415,(),()[33],,,,,,5%,40,1,,,2.3欧盟《饮用水水质指令》19981198/83/EC(2009),48(50),2(4),26,18,2[34],,,,,;,2.4世界卫生组织(WHO)《饮用水水质准则》2011,WHO4,28,12,8,6,2[35]43,,;;WHO4111977,:2575114,8[36],,,,,,3各国水质标准中微生物指标和限量的比较,,1表1国内外主要饮用水标准中的微生物指标比较Table1Comparisonofmicrobialitemsofmajorqualitystandardsfordrinkingwaterathomeandabroad(totalcoliforms)(MPN/100mLCFU/100mL)(Thermotolerantcoliforms)(MPN/100mLCFU/100mL)(Escherichiacoli)(MPN/100mLCFU/100mL)(Plate-countbacteria)100(CFU/mL)(Giardiacysts)1(/10L)(Cryptosporidium)1(/10L)[37](Coliforms)m=0;M=2(MPN/100mL):n=4,c=1(Fecalstreptococcus)m=0;M=2(CFU/250mL):n=4,c=1(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)m=0;M=2(CFU/250mL):n=4,c=1(Clostridiumperfringens)m=0;M=2(CFU/50mL):n=4,c=1WHO(Burkholderiapseudomallei)(Campylobacterjejuni)(C.coli)(Escherichiacoli–Pathogenic)(E.coli-Enterobaemorrhagic)(Francisellatularensis)(Legionellaspp).(Leptospira)(Mycobacteria(non-tuberculous)(SalmonellaTyphi)(OtherSalmonellae)(Shigellaspp)(Vibriocholera)25766续表1(Adenoviruses)(Astroviruses)(Enteroviruses)(HepatitisAvirus)(HepatitisEvirus)(Noroviruses)(Rotaviruses)(Sapoviruses)(Acanthamoebaspp.)(Cryptosporidiumhominis/parvum)(Cyclosporacayetanensis)(Entamoebahistolytica)(Giardiaintestinalis)(Naegleriafowleri)(Dracunculusmedinensis)(Schistosomaspp.)(Totalcoliformbacteria)/100mL(Escherichiacoli)/100mL(Thermotolerantcoliforms)/100mL(Heterotrophicplatecounts)(Intestinalenterococci)(Clostridiumperfringens)(Coliphages)(Bacteroidesfragilisphages)(Entericviruses)(TotalPlateCount)(22℃)100/mL(TotalPlateCount)(37℃)20/mL(Escherichiacoli)0/250mL(Enterococcus)0/250mL(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)0/250mL(Clostridiumperfringens)0/100mL7,:2577续表1EPA(Giardialamblia):0(MCL):99.9%(Heterotrophicplatecount)(HPC)(MCL):500cfu/mL(FecalcoliformandE.coli):0(Legionella):0(TotalColiforms):0(Cryptosporidium):0(MCL):99%(Turbidity)(Viruses):0(MCL):99.99%[38](TotalPlateCount)(22)100/mL(72h)(TotalPlateCount)(37)10/mL(24h)(TotalPlateCount)0/100mL95%(Thermotolerantcoliforms)0/100mL(Streptococcusfaecalis)0/100mL(Sulfite-reducingclostridia)1/20mL(Salmonella)0/5L(PathogenicStaphylococcusaureus)0/100mL(Fecalphages)0/50mL(Entericviruses)0/10L[39](Commonbacteria)100/mL(Coliforms)4微生物指标在水质标准中的地位(WHO):,,,,,,,5建议,,,,,[40-43],,[44-49],,25786,[50-51],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,参考文献[1].[M].:,2010.TheChineseResearchAcademyofEnvironmentalSciences.Theintroductionoftheoryandmethodologyforwaterqualitycriteria[M].Beijing:SciencePress,2010.[2],,.[M].:,2004.XiaQ,ChenYQ,LiuXB.Waterqualitycriteriaandwaterqualitystandard[M].Beijing:StandardsPressofChina,2004.[3],,,./[J].,2012,28(8):1518.LiHX,WuFC,ChenYQ,etal.ComparativeanalysisonChinesewaterqualitystandardsandforeignwaterqualitystandardscriteria[J].ChinaWater&Wastewater,2012,28(8):1518.[4],,,.[J].,2010(7):111113.HeXQ,ChengL,ZhuY,etal.Thedetectionmethodsandassessmentstandardsofmicrobialpathogensindrinkingwater[J].HeilongjiangAgricSci,2010(7):111113.[5],,,.[J].,2014,43(1):166169.ZhengHH,BianZQ,TianXH,etal.ThesituationofChinesedrinkingwaterstandards