湖南省农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查研究张兆强

:1006-3110(2010)07-1283-03【论　著】湖南省农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查研究张兆强,黄　涛,吴传业,陈　帅　　:　　、,。　　,26,。　　,83.49%;,75.77%;21.2%。(24.2%)(18.8%),,。31.34%;、36.50%63.50%;38.14%。　　,,。:　农村;饮用水;环境卫生:R123.5　　　　　:AInvestigationofPresentSituationofRuralDrinkingWaterandEnvironmentalSanitationinHunan　ZHANGZhao-qiang,HUANGTao,WUChuan-ye,etal.(HunanProvincialCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Changsha410005,Hunan,China)Abstract:　Objective　Toinvestigatethequalityofruraldrinkingwater,thecurrentstatusofgarbage&wastewatercontrolinHunanProvince,andtoprovideascientificbasisforruraldrinkingwatersafetymanagementandconstructionofnewsocialistcountryside.　Methods　Withfullconsiderationoftherepresentativeness,26countieswereselectedbystratifiedrandomsamplingtoinvestigatethepresentsituationofruraldrinkingwaterqualityandenvironmentalsanitationinHunanProv-ince.Themonitoringdataofdrinkingwaterqualityandthepresentsituationoftheenvironmentalsanitationwereanalyzed.　Results　Dispersedwatersupplywhichaccountedfor83.49%wasthemainmethodintheinvestigatedcounties,and75.77%oftheresourcesofdrinkingwaterwerethegroundwater.Thegrossqualifiedrateofdrinkingwaterwas21.2%.Centralizedwatersupplyhadahigherqualifiedrate(24.2%)thandispersedwatersupply(18.8%),butnostatisticallysig-nificantdifferencewasfoundbetweenthem.Theunqualifiedwaterwasmainlycontaminatedbymicroorganism.Sanitaryla-trineaccountedfor31.34%ofthetotalhouseholdlatrine.Domesticwasteandproductionwasteaccountedfor36.50%and63.50%ofthetotalamountofthewaste,respectively.Sewageadlibitumdischargingaccountedfor38.14%.　Conclusions　Itisurgenttoimprovethewatersupplymodeanddrinkingwaterqualityinvillages,anduniversalcoverageofsanitaryla-trineisneeded.Garbageandwastewaterinnocuoustreatmentisessentialtoimproveruralenvironmentalsanitation.Keywords:　Countryside;Drinkingwater;Environmentalsanitation　　、。,、,。、,,、、、,20068-10:(　　410005):(1973-),,,,。。。1　1.1　调查对象　,122(、)()、、、26(、)。1.2　方法1.2.1　,、,10。1283　20107　17　7　PracticalPreventiveMedicine,Jul.2010,Vol17,No.7,10,10。1.2.2　,、。1.2.3　水样采集、保存和分析方法　2006,,,《》GBT5750-85[1]。1.2.4　检测指标　、、pH、、、、、、、、、、、。1.2.5　评价标准　《“”》[2]。。1.3　调查内容　1)、、、。2)、。2　2.1　农村饮用水水质调查结果2.1.1　调查县饮用水基本情况　2615777469,86.68%。:16.51%,83.49%,,34.66%,。:24.23%,75.77%,。1　1908035451101595873816224964329136716214pH2684418117102208269220725941350582026154101312210110110001012.1.2　水质监测结果　269,57,21.2%。120,24.2%,149,18.8%,(χ2=1.15,P0.05);74,20.3%,195,21.5%,(χ2=0.05,P0.05)。　　,200,87,190。、pH、、、、、、。、、。1。2.2　农村厕所卫生状况　264335691,:31.34%,(7.70%)(10.20%),0.47%;68.24%,,46.15%,0.42%,。,,、,4.32%,。2。2　()6141.713116.5122417.5372.4142048.1(%)4.329.2386.190.26100.002.3　农村垃圾处理情况　26043699,15949,36.50%,27750,63.50%。,,27.80%27.90%,7.32%。,10264,23.49%,33435,76.51%,(27.22%)、(19.59%)、(19.09%)、(10.61%)。,。3。3　2006(%)13.6313.182.062.155.4836.501.585.040.180.210.317.324.240.170.205.7617.4327.803.811.0716.632.453.9427.900.230.130.020.050.070.5023.4919.5919.0910.6127.22100.004　2006(%)30.4616.9011.859.5568.767.6810.064.958.5531.2438.1426.9616.8018.09100.002.4　农村污水排放与处理情况　587835,68.76%,31.24%,,,48.31%48.56%。:38.14%,、、26.96%、16.80%、18.09%。1284　20107　17　7　PracticalPreventiveMedicine,Jul.2010,Vol17,No.7,。4。　　:48.46%、26.72%、17.6%、6.5%。0.073%。。5。5　2006(%)32.3619.0811.580.0065.6168.816.107.626.020.0670.8931.248.4626.7217.60.0736.5100.002.5　入户饮水和环境卫生状况调查　,259681731.47%;177968.53%,(、)167394.04%,(、、、)6.86%。92.41%。85.4%。93.80%,,,51.89%,37.75%、9.40%。68.76%,(52.97%)(38.02%)。3　3.1　存在问题　,--,、、、、,、。,,80%[3]。,,,,,。,、,、、[4],[5],[6]。。3.1.1　农村垃圾、污水管理无序,粪便无害化率低,导致水源污染严重,水质合格率较低　,83.49%,,75.77%,。,,、、,,,。,,、,、,,,[7]。、,、,。、、[8]。3.1.2　自来水普及率低,且水处理工艺不规范,难以确保饮水安全　、(P0.05),,,,,、;34.66%,、,。3.1.3　粪便无害化率低,使用管理不到位　,31.34%,,750～2000[3],,,,,,。,,。,。3.2　建议3.2.1　加强水源的卫生防护,提高自来水普及率　,,,,,。3.2.2　加大对农村环境卫生基础设施的投入和建设　:、、,、。3.3.3　加强卫生宣传教育,提高农村居民健康意识　,、,,,,,。[][1]GBT5750-85,[S].[2].“”[S].[3].[J].,2009,26(1):1-2.[4],,,.[J].,2001,18(3):166-167.[5],,,.[J].,2000,17(6):327-328.[6],,,.[J].,2004,3(4):202-205.[7],,,.2006[J].,2009,14(9):774-775,778.[8],,.[J].,2006,22(12):1517.(:2010-05-12)1285　20107　17　7　PracticalPreventiveMedicine,Jul.2010,Vol17,No.7