环境工程微生物学绪论

环境工程微生物学EnvironmentalEngineeringMicrobiology孙贤波办公室：实验8楼403室64252395课程的重要性环境工程专业的基础课程应用广泛考核方法平时成绩20%＋考试成绩80%平时成绩中50%为平时考勤，50%为平时提问成绩教学方式课堂教学＋实验＋教学录像参考书目［美］RainaM.Maier,IanL.Pepper,CharlesP.Gerba著，张甲耀，宋碧玉，郑连爽等译.环境微生物学.北京：科学出版社，2004BruceE.Rittman，PerryL.McCarty.环境生物技术：原理与应用.北京：清华大学出版社，2002周德庆编.微生物学教程.北京：高等教育出版社，2002IntroductionofMicrobiologyWhatisMicrobiology?Thestudyofmicroorganisms,alargeanddiversegroupoforganismsthatexistassinglecellsorcellclusters.ThePurposeofEnvironmentalEngineeringMicrobiologyHowmicroorganismsareclassified(taxonomy).Whattheylooklike(morphology).Howtheyreproducedsothattheirfunctionscanbemaintained.Thebiochemicalreactionsthattheymediate(metabolism)Themajordivisionsamongmicroorganismsbasedupontheirfunctionintheenvironment(trophicgroup)Howinformationaboutstructureandfunctionoforganismsistransmittedandchanged(genetics)Anaspectofgreatimportanceinenvironmentalbiotechnology,thatismicrobialecology,ortheinteractionsamongorganismsandtheirenvironment.学科微生物研究内容空气微生物学气体微粒中病原体和其它微生物的收集和测定农业、土壤微生学生物控制、固氮、营养循环生物地理化学碳与矿物质的循环、酸性矿液的控制、固氮流失的控制生物修复有机污染物的降解，污染土壤和水环境中无机污染物固定和去除生物技术生物环境中病原体或其它微生物探测，环境中微生物活性的测定，基因工程食品质量病原体的监测，病原体的去除资源生产乙醇、单细胞蛋白的生产等资源回收微生物介导的石油和金属回收废水处理废弃物降解，病原体的消减水质有机与无机污染物的去除，病原体的测定，病原体的消除表1环境微生物的研究范畴Taxonomy（分类学）传统分类学分类单元又称分类单位、分类阶元或分类群。种以上的系统分类单元自上而下可依次分成7级：界Kingdom（拉：Regnum）门Phylum（拉：Phylum）或Division（拉：Divisio）纲Class（拉：Classis）目Order（拉：Ordo）科Family（拉：Familia）属Genus（拉：Genus）种Species（拉：Species）ThreeDomainsTheory（三域学说）WhatareMicroorganisms?Virus(病毒）Non-cellmicrobesBacteria(细菌）Archaea(古细菌）Algae(藻类）Fungi(真菌:酵母、霉菌）Protozoa(原生动物）Eukaryotes(真核生物）Prokaryotes(原核生物)Microorganismsarefree-livingcellsPlantsandAnimalsarecomposedofmanycells,thesearemulticellular.Microorganismsarefree-livingcells.WhatareProkaryotes?Prokaryotes:Bacteria(细菌)Archaea(远古细菌)Actinobacteria(放线菌)Mycoplasmatales(支原体)Rickettsiales(立克氏体)Chlamydiae(衣原体)Cyanobacteria(蓝细菌)WhatareEukaryoticMicroorganisms?AlgaeFungiProtozoaProkaryoticandeukatypticcellsVirus:Thenomenclatureofmicroorganism学名＝属名＋种的加词＋（首次命名人）＋现名定名人＋定名年份1．大肠埃希氏菌（简称“大肠杆菌”）Escherichiacoli（Migula）CastellanietChalmers1919例2．枯草芽孢杆菌（简称“枯草杆菌”）Bacillussubtilis（Ehrenberg）Cohn1872菌株(strain)－同种不同来源大肠埃希氏菌的两个菌株EscherichiacoliK12(最常用的E.coli菌株；基因组已于1997年发表)E.coliO-157:H7（致病性E.coli，O与H代表其抗原特征；基因组已于2001年发表）FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms1.Smallvolume,largesurfacearea2.Fastabsorptionandconversion3.Rapidduplicationandgrowth4.Strongadaptability5.WidespreaddistributionanddiversifiedspeciesFiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms1.Smallvolume,largesurfacearea.Figureontheleft:Thesizeofavirusincomparisontoabacterialandanimalcell.FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms2.FastabsorptionandconversionForexample:5g/lofbacteria(celldryweight)Azotobactervinelandiicanconsumed10g/lofglucosetodoubleitsweightto10g/lwithinlessthan5h.Howaboutyou?FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms3.RapidduplicationandgrowthAnEcherischecoli(大肠杆菌）cellcandoubleitselfwithin15minutes,italsomeansitsweightincreasesonefoldwithin15minutes.Howfastcanyougrow??FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms4.Strongadaptability(Adapttoextremeenvironment,suchashighsaltconcentration,hightemperature,antibioticresistant)FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms5.WidespreaddistributionanddiversifiedspeciesPopulations,communitiesandecosystemsAnecosystemconsistsofmanycommunities.Acommunityconsistsofmanypopulations.Apopulationiscomposedofcellsgenerallyderivedfromasingleparentcell.ImportantPersonsinMicrobiologyHistory1684AntonievanLeeuwenhoek(discoveryofbacteria)1857-1864LouisPasteur(lacticacidfermentation,yeastalcoholfermentation,spontaneousgenerationtheory)1881-1884RobertKoch(pureculture,causeoftuberculosis,Koch’spostulates,causeof(霍乱)cholera）1889MartinusBeijerinck(conceptofavirus)1929AlexanderFleming(discoveryofpenicilin)1953JamesWatson,FrancisCrick(DNAstructure)1983LucMontagnier(discoveryofHIV)MicroorganismsascellsAllcellscontain:蛋白质proteins,核酸nucleicacids,脂类lipids、多糖polysaccharidesAllcellscontainsixmajorelements::C,N,P,S,O,H细胞的特征:1.自养（营养）2.自我复制（生长）3.分化4.化学信号5.进化Howaremicroorganismscultivated?PetriDisksShakeFlasksFermentor