环境净化中的微生物生态学

:2008113(No.50525824,50621804)(973)(No.2003CB415006)33e2mail:[e-mail]312133(11100085;21453007),,,,,,:X172;X703:A:10052281X(2009)02P320566206MicrobialEcologyinEnvironmentalPurificationZhangYu1WangZhenyu2YangMin133(11StatekeyLaboratoryofEnvironmentalAquaticChemistry,ResearchCenterforEco2EnvironmentalSciences,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100085,China;21CollegeofLifeSciences,HenanNormalUniversity,Xinxiang453007,China)AbstractBiologicaltreatmenttechnologies,especiallyactivatedsludgemethods,havelongbeenthemainsolutionforwastewatertreatment,andmicrobeshaveplayedakeyroleinthedegradationofenvironmentalpollutants.Elucidatingmicrobialecologicalprocessesandmicrobialfunctionsduringpollutantsdegradationinbothartificialandnaturalbiologicalsystemshavebeenthehotissuesinenvironmentalscienceandengineeringfield.Thefastdevelopingmolecularbiologytechniquesprovidenotonlythepowerfultoolsforprobingmicrobialcommunitystructures,functionsandmicrobialinteractionsindifferentsystems,butalsoscientificbasesforconstructingefficientbiologicalsystemsfortheremovalofenvironmentalpollutants.Thisreviewsummarizesthemostoftenusedmolecularmethodsandtherecentresearchresultsinenvironmentalmicrobialecologystudies.Keywordsmolecularecology;biotreatment;biodegradation;bioremediationContents1Molecularbiologytechniquesinmicrobialecology1.1In2situdetectiontechniquesbasedonnucleicacidprobes112MolecularmethodsbasedonPCRtechniques113Biochipandmetagenome2Microbialecologicalanalysisinbiologicaltreatmentsystems211Spatialdistributionofbacteriainanaerobicgranularsludge212MicrobialecologicalanalysisofMBRnitrification212P320093PROGRESSINCHEMISTRYVol.21No.2P3Mar.,2009system213Distributionofprotozoaindifferentsewagetreatmentsystems3Bioaugmentationsystemsforpollutantremoval4Microbialandgeneresourceexploitation5Conclusion16,,()(Clark)(Gage)1912[1],100,,2(AO),2(AO),22(A2O),(SBR),,(UASB),[2],,,,,,,,,,,,,1,(011%10%),,20902090,,,[3](1),,111,RNADNA,RNA,(FISH),,112PCRPCR(polymerasechainreaction)DNA,DNADNAPCRDNA,DNAPCRP(DPTGGE)(RAPD)(RFLP)(SSCP)DNA[4],,PCRDPTGGE[5],16SrRNA()18SrRNA26SrRNA()7652P31Table1ComparisonofmolecularecologytechniquesformicrobialecologyresearchmethodtargetpurposeadvantagedisadvantageDPTGGEribosomalDNAcomparisonofspatial2temporaldynamicsofmicrobialpopulationofalargenumberofsamplesrapidandrelativelyeasy;permitstructureinformationwithgenesequencinglessreliablyphylogeneticinformationFISHribosomalDNA,functionalgenequasi2quantitativeanalysisofpopulationrichnessin2situ,fast,directvisualization;viablecelldetectionandquasi2quantitativeapriorirDNAsequenceisnecessary;experiencerequired,notalwaysbesatisfactoryforenvironmentalsamplest2RFLPribosomalDNArapidmolecularpatternofcommunitystructureanddiversitysimpleprocedure;detectionofdominantspecieslessconfidentofphylogeneticanalysisrDNAcloneribosomalDNAmicrobialecologicalcompositionandphylogenetictreedetectionofunculturedstrain;highprecisetaxonomicstudyandphylogenetictreetimeconsumingandlaborious,unsuitableforthelargesamplesgenechipribosomalDNA,functionalgenecommunitydiversityandcatabolicgeneexpressionhighsamplethroughput;structureandmetabolisminformationexpensiveequipment,difficulthandlingmetagenomewholegenomemetabolicdiversityandgeneresourceofcommunityvolumeofinformation;structuralanalysisofcommunitytimeconsuminganddedication;screenschemeisimportantRT2PCRetcribosomalDNA,functionalgenequantitativedetectionoftargetgenesimpleandfast,functionalanalysisofcommunitymetabolicgenesequenceisnecessary,associatewithothertechniqueDNA,,,,,200250bp,,RFLP5,PCR,DNA,[6]PCRDNArRNA(),,,PCR(real2timePCR)[7]MPN2PCR(mostprobablenumberPCR)[8]PCR(competitivePCR)[9],,,113,DNA,Zhou[10],(metagenome)Handelsman[11]1998,,,,:,Riesenfeld[12],,[13],2,21186521,,,Zumstein[14],,Harada[15]FISH,,,,212MBR,(MBR),,Yang[16,17]FISHPCR2DGGEMBR,,,MBR,,MLSS,MBR,213,,,Liu[18]58,,A2OAO,A2O,,;,,,,;,,3,,,,(PCB)(dioxin),Lendvay[19]dehalococcoides,PCESilva[20]pseudomonassp.strainADP,,,,,,,,,(PAHs),PAHs[21],200Pan[22](Pichiaamomala)4PAHs,5PAHHesham[23]5PAHsWangDGGEFISHDNA,,,[24],9652P3,PAHs[25],,,,PAHs,[25]3(SBR),3:5PAHs(Y),(S)5PAHs(YS),YYS80%98%,S,PAHsDGGEFISHYYS5S,5,PAHs,,4,,,,,[26,27],,,5,(),,,,,[1]CheremisinoffNP.BiotechnologyforWasteandWastewaterTreatment.Westwood,NJ,USA:NoyesPublications,1996.1825[2](GaoTY),(GuGW),(ZhouQ).(WaterContaminationControlEngineering).:(Beijing:HighEducationPress),2007.121147[3]SanzJL,KochlingT.Proc.Biochem.,2007,42:119133[4]DahllÊfI.Curr.Opin.Biotechnol.,2002,13(3):213217[5]MuyzerG,WaalEC,UitterlindenAG.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.,1993,59(3):695700[6]BuckleyDH,SchmidtTM.Microbial.Ecol.,2001,42:1121[7]BaldwinBR,NakatsuCH,NiesL.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.,2003,69:33503358[8]PicardC,PonsonnetC,PagetE,etal.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.,1992,58(9):27172722[9]DiviaccoS,NorioP,ZentilinL,etal.Gene,1992,122:313320[10]HeZL,GentryTJ,ZouJZ,etal.TheISMEJournal,2007,1:6777[11]HandelsmanJMR,RondonPR,AugustAD,etal.Chem.Biol.,1999,5:245249[12]RiesenfeldCS,GoodmanRM,HandelsmanJ.Environ.Microbiol.,2004,6:981989[13]GuX,ZhangY,ZhangJ,etal.J.Environ.Sci.,2008:102