化学热力学的初步概念与化学平衡

311Fe(s)Cl2(l)θmHf121314NH4NO3GHS15G016CO2(g)17180Hθmr,0Sθmr19θmGr1101111122NO(g)+O2(g)=2NO2(g)NO2Exercises21CH4O2()a.∆U=0∆H=0b.∆U=0∆H0c.∆U=0∆H0d.∆U0∆H022a.Q=0W=0∆U=0∆H=0b.Q0W0∆U=0∆H=Qc.Q=W∆U=Q-W∆H=0d.QW∆U=Q-W∆H=023a.∆U=0∆H=0∆S=0∆G=0b.∆U=0∆H0∆S0∆G0c.∆H=0∆U=0∆S0∆G0d.∆H0∆U0∆G0∆S024a.b.–Yc.=Yd.∆H=X+Y25a.H2(g)θmrG=0b.H+(aq)θmrG=0c.H(g)θmrH=0d.H2(g)θmrH=026AgBr(s)θmfHa.Ag+(aq)+Br-(aq)AgBr(s)b.2Ag(s)+Br2(g)2AgBr(s)c.Ag(s)+21Br2(g)AgBr(s)d.Ag(aq)+21Br2(g)AgBr(s)27NH3(g)θmfH=-46kJ·mol-1H–H435kJ·mol-1NN941kJ·mol-1N–N(kJ·mol-1)a.-390b.1169c.390d.-116928-393.6kJ·mol-1YX-395.6kJ·mol-1a.-789.3kJ·mol-1b.0c.+1.9kJ·mol-1d.-1.9kJ·mol-12925NaCl6mol·dm-31dm-31molNaClNaCl(s)+H2O(l)NaCl(aq)a.∆S0∆G0b.∆S0∆G0c.∆G0∆S0d.∆G0∆S0210a.Li(g)b.Li(s)c.LiCl·H2O(s)d.Li2CO3(s)211θmrSa.C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g)b.2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)c.CaSO4(s)+2H2O(l)CaSO4·2H2O(s)d.3H2(g)+N2(g)2NH3(g)21210.67kJ·mol-15.0θmSa.2.09J·mol-1·K-1b.10.88J·mol-1·K-1c.38.38J·mol-1·K-1d.54.39J·mol-1·K-121320100181001Gibbsa.∆G=0b.∆G0c.∆G0d.214298KθmrHθmrGa.CCl4(g)+2H2O(g)CO2(g)+4HCl(g)b.CaO(s)+CO2(g)CaCO3(s)c.Cu2+(aq)+Zn(s)Cu(s)+Zn2+(aq)d.Na(s)+H+(aq)+H2O(l)Na+(aq)+21H2(g)+OH-(aq)215a.b.c.d.216a.()()b.c.d.217A+B2CBCABa.b.c.218H2(g)+S(s)=H2S(g)θ1KS(s)+O2(g)=SO2(g)θ2KH2(g)+SO2(g)O2(g)+H2S(g)a.θ2θ1KK−b.θ2θ1KK⋅c.θ1θ2/KKd.θ2θ1/KK312N2(g)+O2(g)2N2O(g)298KθmrH164.0kJ·mol-1U=kJ·mol-132a.θmrSb.CO(g)θmrSc.H2O(g)θmrSd.CaCO3(s)CaO(s)CO2(g)θmrS333425101.3kPaZnCuSO46.00kJ·mol-1200kJ·mol-1θmrSθmrG∆3525KNO36mol·dm-31molKNO3KNO3G∆361molCO2(g)H2O(l)QpQrkJ·mol-1(25)37ABCD298KABCD1θmmolkJ−⋅/rH1.8010.5-126-11.711θmKmolJ−−⋅⋅/rS30.0-11384.0-10538A(g)+B(s)C(g)θmrH∆=−41.8kJ·mol-1AC251.67kJ·mol-1Q=W=θmrU∆=θmrH∆=θmrS∆=θmrG∆=39I2(g)=2I(g)a.b.I2(g)c.N2I2(g)d.N2I2(g)310NiSO4·6H2O(s)NiSO4(s)+6H2O(g)θmrG∆=77.7kJ·mol-1NiSO4·6H2OpH2OPa41298Ka.θmcH∆=-890kJ·mol-1b.CO2(g)θmfH∆=-393kJ·mol-1c.H2O(l)θmfH∆=-285kJ·mol-1d.H2(g)B.E.=436kJ·mol-1e.C()θmsubH∆=716kJ·mol-1C-H42NH4Cl100NH4Cl(s)NH3(g)+HCl(g)251PNH4Cl(s)NH3(g)HCl(g)θmfH∆/kJ·mol-1-314.4-46.1-92.3θmS/J·mol-1·K-194.56192.34186.8243WI2(g)W(s)+I2(g)WI2(g)WI2298KθmfH∆(WI2,g)=-8.37kJ·mol-1θmS(WI2,g)=0.2504kJ·mol-1·K-1θmS(W,s)=0.0335kJ·mol-1·K-1θmfH∆(I2,g)=-62.24kJ·mol-1θmS(I2,g)=0.2600kJ·mol-1·K-11623KθmrG∆2WI2(g)I2(g)+W(s)444660.046.5kPa70.072.0kPa1245NNN-FN-ClF-FCl-ClB.E./kJ·mol-1942272201155243NF3NCl346θmfH∆(Sn,)=0θmfH∆(Sn)=-2.1kJ·mol-1θmS(Sn,)=51.5J·mol-1·K-1θmS(Sn,)=44.3J·mol-1·K-1Sn()=Sn()47θmrG∆(NH3g)=-16.5kJ·mol-1(1)25N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)θK(2)θmrG∆=-92.2kJ·mol-1500θK1111213141516171819110221c22c23c24b25c26c27c28c29b210a211d212c213a214c215c216b2.17a218d331166.532++++3334Q/T=-20.1J·mol-1·K-1-W=-200kJ·mol-1350036–3.7237CB77A-166.6D38–1.67kJ·mol-140.13kJ·mol-1–41.8kJ·mol-1–41.8kJ·mol-15.6kJ·mol-1·K-1–40.13kJ·mol-139a.I2(θmrH∆0)b.c.I2(g)I(g)d.I2(g)I(g)3.10544.54.41CH4(g)+2O2(g)CO2(g)+2H2O(l)θmfH∆(CH4g)=-73kJ·mol-12H2(g)+C()CH4(g)B.E.(C-H)=415kJ·mol-142θmrH∆=-46.1+(-92.3)–(-314.4)=176.0kJ·mol-1θmrS∆=192.34+186.82–94.56=0.2846kJ·mol-1·K-1373KθmrG∆=176.0–373×0.2846=69.8kJ·mol-1θmrG∆010043W(s)+I2(g)WI2(g)θmrH∆=-8.37–0–62.24=-70.61kJ·mol-1θmrS∆=0.2504–0.0335–0.2600=-0.0431kJ·mol-1·K-11623KθmrS∆=-70.61–623×(-0.0431)=-43.76kJ·mol-1·K-12WI2(g)I2(g)+W(s)θmrH∆=70.61kJ·mol-1θmrS∆=0.0431kJ·mol-1·K-1θmrG∆=00.043170.61=T=1.64103K441)(121212TTTTHPP×−=2.303lgθmvapθmvapH∆=41.5kJ·mol-1P3=101kPaT3=352K2θmvapS∆=bθmvapTH∆=118J·mol-1·K-14521N2(g)+23F2(g)=NF3(g)θmfH∆(NF3,g)=-112.5kJ·mol-1θmfH∆021N2(g)+23Cl2(g)=NCl3(g)θmfH∆(NCl3,l)=232.5kJ·mol-146θmrH∆=-2.1kJ·mol-1θmrS∆=-7.2J·mol-1·K-1θmrG∆=0θmrH∆–TθmrS∆=0T=θmrθmrSH∆∆=291.7K471Kθ(298)=6.221052Kθ(773)=7.0210-5