全息光栅的制备与研究--本科毕业论文

全息光栅的制备与研究I全息光栅的制备与研究摘要光栅也称衍射光栅。是利用多缝衍射原理使光发生色散(分解为光谱)的光学元件。它是一块刻有大量平行等宽、等距狭缝(刻线)的平面玻璃或金属片。光栅的狭缝数量很大，一般每毫米几十至几千条。单色平行光通过光栅每个缝的衍射和各缝间的干涉，形成暗条纹很宽、明条纹很细的图样，这些锐细而明亮的条纹称作谱线。谱线的位置随波长而异，当复色光通过光栅后，不同波长的谱线在不同的位置出现而形成光谱。光通过光栅形成光谱是单缝衍射和多缝干涉的共同结果。衍射光栅在屏幕上产生的光谱线的位置，可用式（a+b)(sinφ±sinθ)=kλ表示。式中a代表狭缝宽度，b代表狭缝间距，φ为衍射角，θ为光的入射方向与光栅平面法线之间的夹角，k为明条纹光谱级数（k=0，±1，±2……），λ为波长，a+b称作光栅常数。用此式可以计算光波波长。光栅产生的条纹的特点是：明条纹很亮很窄，相邻明纹间的暗区很宽，衍射图样十分清晰。因而利用光栅衍射可以精确地测定波长。衍射光栅的分辨本领R=l/Dl=kN。其中N为狭缝数，狭缝数越多明条纹越亮、越细，光栅分辨本领就越高。增大缝数N提高分辨本领是光栅技术中的重要课题。最早的光栅是1821年由德国科学家J.夫琅和费用细金属丝密排地绕在两平行细螺丝上制成的。因形如栅栏，故名为“光栅”。现代光栅是用精密的刻划机在玻璃或金属片上刻划而成的。光栅是光栅摄谱仪的核心组成部分，其种类很多。按所用光是透射还是反射分为透射光栅、反射光栅。反射光栅使用较为广泛；按其形状又分为平面光栅和凹面光栅。此外还有全息光栅、正交光栅、相光栅、炫耀光栅、阶梯光栅等。关键词：光栅，衍射，摄谱仪，全息技术全息光栅的制备与研究IIResearchofPreparationandstudyofholographicgratingAbstractAlsoknownasthediffractiongratinggrating.Istheuseofmultipleslitdiffractionprincipletomakethelightdispersion(decompositionspectrum)ofopticalcomponents.Itiscarvedintoasubstantiallyparallel,equidistantslitwidth(line)oftheplaneglassormetal.Gratingslitnumberislarge,generaleverymmoftenstothousandsof.Parallelopticallightpassingthrougheachstitchdiffractionandinterferencebetweenthejoints,formingdarkstreaksverybroad,brightfringeisveryfinedrawings,thesesharpthinandbrightstripescalledspectralline.Spectrallinewavelengthvarieswiththeposition,whenthepolychromaticlightwithdifferentwavelengthsthroughthegrating,spertallinesindifferentpositionofformaspectrum.Lightpassesthroughthegratingformationspectrumisthesingleslitdiffractionandmultipleslitinterferencejointoutcome.Diffractiongratingsgeneratedonthescreenofthespectrallineposition,availabletype(a+b)(sinP+sintheta)=kL.Typeinarepresentstheslitwidth,Bstandsforslitspacing,forthediffractionangle,thetaisadirectionofincidenceofthelightandtheanglebetweentheplaneofthegratingnormal,Kbrightfringesspectralseries（k=0，±1，±2……）Forthewavelength,lambda,a+bcalledgratingconstant.Thistypecanbeusedtocalculatethewavelength.Rasterstripesfeatureis:brightfringeisverybrightverynarrow,darkareasbetweenadjacentfringeisverywide,thediffractionpatternisveryclear.Theuseofgratingdiffractioncanbepreciselymeasuredwavelength.ThediffractiongratingresolutionR=L/Dl=kN.WhereNisthenumberoftheslit,slitnumbermorebrightstripebrighter,moredetailed,gratingresolutionishigher.GrowthofslitnumberNincreasingresolutionisanimportanttopicinthegratingtechnology.Theearliestofthegratingisin1821bytheGermanscientistJFraunhofercostfinemetalwireclose-packedaroundintwoparallelfinescrew.Duetoshapesuchasafence,namedforthegrating.Moderngratingisusedinprecisioncuttingmachineofglassormetaloncharacterizationsandbecome.Gratingspectrographcorecomponents,itsmanytypes.Accordingtothelighttransmissionorreflectionfortransmissiongrating,gratingreflector.Reflectiongratingisusedwidely;accordingtoitsshapeandisdividedintotheplaneofthegratingandtheconcavegrating.Inadditiontotheholographicgrating,orthogonalgrating,phasegrating,blazedgrating,echellegratingandsoon.KeyWords：Grating,diffraction,spectrograph,holographictechnology全息光栅的制备与研究III目录MUDANJINGNORMALUNIVERSITY...................................................................................错误!未定义书签。1绪论.......................................................................................................................................................12研究的地位和作用.................................................................................................................................22.1什么是光栅.................................................................................................................................22.2市面上常用光栅的种类及作用..................................................................................................22.2.1点阵式全像立体光栅......................................................................................................22.2.2柱镜光栅..........................................................................................................................22.2.3光栅的分类......................................................................................................................32.3合格与劣质膜材光栅的简易鉴别方法....................................................................................33全息光栅的制备.....................................................................................................................................43.1利用迈克耳孙干涉仪制作全息光栅...........................................................................................43.1.1一维光栅的制作.......................................................................................................................43.1.2一维光栅制作过程...........................................................................................................43.1.3一维光栅制作原理...........................................................................................................53.1.4二维光栅制作原理、过程...............................................................................................63.2全息光栅的实验室制备.................................................................................................