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一.名词。1.名词的分类1)名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词。人名:Gina,LinWei,Mr.Bushetc.节日:Christmas,Teachers’Dayetc.专有名词地名:Chongqing,China,Americaetc.时间:Sunday,Septemberetc.机构,团体等:CCTV,WTOetc.个体名词:strawberry,baseball,drumetc.集体名词:class,family,people,policeetc.普通名词物质名词:water,meat,seaetc.抽象名词:work,surpriseetc.高分突破:专有名词前一般不加冠词。带有冠词的专有名词:①由普通名词或形容词构成的专有名词前。例如:theGreatWalltheSummerPalace②由“普通名词+专有名词”或“专有名词+普通名词”构成的专有名词前。例如:theNewYorkTimes③表示全体国民的专有名词前。例如:theChinese④表示“一家人”或“夫妇”的专有名词前。例如:theGreens⑤报刊、书籍、杂志的专有名词前。例如:theTimes⑥团体机关、学校、医院、公共建筑的名称前。例如:theUnitedNations⑦江湖、海洋、山脉等名字的专有名词前。例如:theYellowRiver可数名词:可以用数目计算,有单复数之分。例如:student,teacher,worker,tomatoetc.2)按名词的可数性不可数名词:不可以用数目计算,一般没有单复数之分。例如:rice,beefetc.2.可数名词的数1)一般可数名词的复数形式构成法读音例词一般情况在单数形式词尾加-s-s在清辅音后发/s/-s在浊辅音和元音后发/z/book–booksegg–eggs以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词后读作/iz/bus–buses加-esbox-boxeswatch–watches以e结尾的词在后加-s读作/iz/horse–horses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es读作/z/dictionary-dictionariesdocumentary-documentaries以元音字母+y结尾的词直接在后加-s读作/z/boy–boyskey–keys以f,fe结尾的词变f,fe为v加-es读作/vz/leaf–leaveswife–wivesthief–thieves以o结尾的词在后加-es读作/z/potato–potatoes高分突破:①以y结尾的专有名词,变为复数时,直接加-s。egthelittleMarys小玛丽们②以下以f,fe结尾的名词变为复数时,直接加-s。roof–roofs(房顶)chief–chiefs(首长)safe–safes(保险箱)③以下以o结尾的外来词,变为复数时直接加-s。zoo–zoosradio–radiosphoto–photospiano–pianoskilo–kilosvideo–videos2)名词复数的不规则变化:sheep–sheepdeer–deerChinese–ChineseJapanese–Japanesefish–fishman–menwoman–womenfoot–feettooth–teethchild–childrenmouse–mice3)复合名词的复数形式词的构成特点变复数的方法例词由若干部分组成并含有一种中心词(指人的词)将中心词变为复数形式son-in-law(女婿)—sons-in-lawgrandchild—grandchildren(孙子)looker-on(旁观者)—lookers-on组成部分均为表示人的主体词(特别注意由man,woman组成的复合词)各组成部分都要变为复数形式womandoctor(女医生)—womendoctormanteacher(男老师)—menteachers组成部分没有中心词最后一个组成词上加-sgrown-up(成年人)—grown-upsgo-between(中间人)—go-betweens4)只有复数形式的名词scissors(剪刀),trousers(裤子),glasses(眼镜),savings(积蓄)earnings(工资),arms(武器),thanks(感谢),goods(货物),clothes(衣服),chopsticks(筷子)5)一些名词以s结尾,但一般用单数economics(经济学),physics(物理),tennisetc.高分突破:1)有一些不可数名词在使用时常常被误作为可数名词使用,因此应特别注意。例如:advice(意见),labor(劳动),information(信息、消息),furniture(家具),traffic(交通)。2)一些表示度量的名词复数形式在使用时表示单数含义,因此谓语动词用单数。例如:Twoyearsisn’talongtimetous.两年的时间对我们来说不长。3.常见的不可数名词:water(水)juice(果汁)ink(墨水)beer(啤酒)milk(牛奶)coffee(咖啡)tea(茶)rice(大米)butter(黄油)cheese(奶酪)bread(面包)chocolate(巧克力)honey(蜂蜜)jam(果酱)tobacco(烟丝)beef(牛肉)chicken(鸡肉)pork(猪肉)fish(鱼肉)steak(牛排)soap(香皂)paper(纸)news(新闻)sugar(糖)vinegar(醋)salt(盐)sauce(酱油)Chant:物质名词不可数,金、木、水、火、土与沙;牛奶、面包、布与茶;咖啡、果汁、葡萄酒;钢、铁、煤、油、粉笔、墨水、作业纸;头发、新闻和天(天气)气(空气)。4.当不可数名词需要计量时,要用“数词或冠词+of+不可数名词”来表示。apieceof……一块/张/片……apieceofpaper—twopiecesofpaperaloafof……一个……aloafofbread—someloavesofbreadabarof……一条……abarofchocolate—threebarsofchocolateabottleof……一瓶……abottleofmilk—tenbottlesofmilkapoundof……一磅……apoundofsugar—tenpoundsofsugaratinof……一听……atinoftobacco—100tinsoftobacco名词习题:请将下面单词变成复数。eyedayyearmanwomanboygirlsondaughterEnglishmanbrothersisterfriendteacherpupildoctordriverpolicemanworkerearcatpigduckfishhorsemousechickenhendogpandagiraffefrogfoxtigerelephantpeacockrabbittreeflowerwolfmonkeyappleboybananatoypearorangetomatopotatocarrotboxbedlighttoycandlebenchbrushballoonpicturebookrulerpenpencileraserkikeeggcakephotobusjeeptaxiroomfloorschoolclassroomcitybabystorywayclassgradehobbyGermansheepdeerChinesefoottoothwatchwishwifebodyknifeEnglish一、用名词的适当形式填空。1.Look,therearethree______(boy).2.Two_____(man)arewalking.3.Thereisa_____(teacher)intheclassroom.4.Howmany______(apple)canyousee?Icansee4_____(apple)5.Istherea______(box)intheroom?6.Therearemany_____(sheep)inthezoo.7.Wecanseefive______(monkey)inthezoo.8.What’sthis?Thisisa______(peacock).9.Theseare_______(monkey).10.Theyarenot________(dog).11.Theyare______(fox).12.Whatarethey?Theyarecolorful_______(balloon).13.Doghasgota_______(banana)and4______(pear).14.Rabbithasgotsome_______(apple).15.Tigerhasgota______(tiger).16.Thoseare______(tomato).17.They’re______(orange).18.Theseare______(potato).二、把下列单词变复数形式。1.frog________2.balloon________3.sister__________4.flower_________5.driver_________6.season________7.bench___________8.brush__________9.fox__________10.box__________11.tomato__________12.potato__________三、写出下列名词的单数形式。1.tomatoes__________2.birds_________3.grapes___________4.toys_____________5.sheep___________6.children_________
本文标题:小学英语语法
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