组织行为学(全英文版)复习题

OB复习题一、名词解释1、Learning:Anyrelativelypermanentchangeinbehaviorthatoccursasaresultofexperience.2、Attitude:Evaluatestatementsorjudgementsconcerningobjects,people,orevents.3、InformalGroup:Agroupthatisneitherformallystructurednororganizationallydetermined;appearsinresponsetotheneedforsocialcontact.4、Communication:Thetransferenceandunderstandingofmeaning.5、Leadership:Theabilitytoinfluenceagrouptowardtheachievementofgoals.6、Organization:Aconsciouslycoordinatedsocialunit,composedoftwoormorepeople,thatfunctionsonarelativelycontinuousbasistoachieveacommongoalorsetofgoals.7、Motivation:Theprocessthataccountforanindividual'sintensity,direction,andpersistenceofefforttowardattainingagoal.8、Personality:Thesumtotalofwaysinwhichanindividualreactsandinteractswiththers.9、Negotiation:Aprocessinwhichtwoormorepartiesexchangegoodsorservicesandattempttoagreeontheexchangerateforthem.二、掌握的知识点1、Attitude:①implicationabove;②Itcanbeseenbylookingatthethreecomponents:cognition,affect,andbehavior.③MostresearchinOBhasbeenconcernedwiththreetypesofattitudes:jobsatisfaction,jobinvolvement,andorganizationalcommitment.④AttitudeandConsistency:Researchhasgenerallyconcludedthatpeopleseekconsistencyamongtheirattitudesandbetweentheirattitudesandtheirbehavior.⑤CognitiveDissonanceTheory:Noindividual,ofcourse,cancompletelyavoiddissonance.Iftheelementscreatingthedissonancearerelativelyunimportant,thepressuretocorrectthisimbalancewillbelow.Thedegreeofinfluencethatindividualsbelievethattheyhaveovertheelementswillhaveanimpactonhowtheywillreacttothedissonance.Highrewardsaccompanyinghighdissonancetendtoreducethetensioninherentinthedissonance.⑥MeasuringtheA-B(attitude-behavior)relationship:A.ModeratingVariables:Themorespecifictheattitudeandthemorespecificthebehavior,thestrongerthelinkbetweenthetwo.B.Self-perceptiontheory:Attitudesareusedafterthefacttomakesenseoutofanactionthathasalreadyoccurred.⑦Anapplication—AttitudeSurveys:Elicitresponsesfromemployeesthroughquestionnairesabouthowtheyfeelabouttheirjobs,workgroups,supervisors(监督者),andtheorganization.⑧AttitudeandWorkforceDiversity(劳动多样性):Itisincreasinglyconcernedwithchangingemployeeattitudestoreflectshiftingperspectivesonracial,gender,andotherdiversityissues.2、Jobinvolvement:Itisakindofthedegreetowhichapersonidentifieswithhisorherjob,activelyparticipatesinit,andconsidershisorherperformanceimportanttoself-worth.3、Thebigfivemodel:TheBig-Fivemodelincludesthefollowingfivefactors:①Extroversion:Apersonalitydimensiondescribingsomeonewhoissociable,gregarious(协作的),andassertive（信任的）;②Agreeableness:Apersonalitydimensiondescribingsomeonewhoisgood-natured,cooperative,andtrusting.③Conscientiousness:Apersonalitydimensiondescribingsomeonewhoisresponsible,dependable,persistent,andorganized.④Emotionalstability:Apersonalitydimensioncharacterizingsomeoneascalm,self-confident,secure(positive)versusnervous,depressed,andinsecure(negative).⑤Opennesstoexperience:Apersonalitydimensioncharacterizingsomeoneintermsofimagination,sensitivity,andcuriosity.4、Maslow’shierarchyofneeds:Thereisahierarchyoffiveneeds,aseachneedissubstantiallysatisfied,thenextneedbecomedominant.Theseneedsare:①Physiological:ashunger,thirst,shelter,sex,andotherbodilyneeds.②Safety:assecurityandprotectionfromphysicalandemotionalharm.③Social:asaffection,belongingness,acceptance,friendship.④Esteem:internalesteem:asself-respect,autonomy(自主),achievement;externalesteem:asstatus,recognition,attention.⑤Self-actualization:asgrowth,achievingone'spotential,self-fulfillment.5、Two-FactorTheory:Inthistheory,intrinsicfactorsarerelatedtojobsatisfaction,whileextrinsicfactorsareassociatedwithdissatisfaction.Intrinsicfactors,suchasadvancement,recognition,responsibility,andachievement.Respondentswhofeelgoodabouttheirworktendtoattributethesefactorstothemselves.Extrinsicfactors,suchassupervision,pay,companypolicies,workingconditions,jobsecurity,relationshipwithothers,willbecitedwhenrespondentsdissatisfy.Andthesecanbeincludedinhygienefactors,whiletheyareadequate,peoplewillnotbedissatisfied.6、ERGtheory:ItisarevisedversionofMaslow’shierarchyofneeds,consistingofthreegroupsofcoreneeds:existence,relatedness,growth.Existence:concernedwithprovidingourbasicmaterial,includingphysiologicalandsafety.Relatedness:socialandstatusdesiresrequireinteractionwithothers,includingsocialandtheexternalcomponentofesteem.Growth:includingtheintrinsiccomponentofesteemandself-actualization.7、Group:①Defining:Twoormoreindividuals,interactingandinterdependent,whohavecometogethertoachieveparticularobjectives.Peoplejoingroupsbecauseofsecurity,status,self-esteem,affiliation,power,goalachievements.②Classifying:Formalgroups:commandgroup,taskgroup;Informalgroups:interestgroup,friendshipgroup.***StagesofGroupDevelopmentreferto“掌握的知识点12”③Groupstructure:Roles(RoleIdentity,RolePerception,RoleExpectations,Roleconflict);Norms(CommonClassesofNorms,Conformity(从众),Deviant(偏离)WorkplaceBehavior);Status;Size;Cohesiveness(零距离).***GroupDecisionMakingreferto“简答9”8、TraitTheories:Theyconsiderpersonalqualitiesandcharacteristicsthatdifferentiatelead