介观物理与纳米电子学导论第一章引论

ㅜаㄐDŽᕅ䇪:สᵜᾲᘥ,⢩ᖱ䮯ᓖ,ӻ㿲⢙⨶,㓣㊣ᢰᵟ,㓣㊣ቪᓖޣ䭞ᇎ傼ᢰᵟ,㓣㊣㇑--⭥ᆀಘԦⲴᯠ⿰,ਇ䲀䟿ᆀփ㌫ㅜҼㄐDŽ䟿䟿ᆀ⭥ሬ:䟿ᆀ⛩᧕䀖ᇎ傼㔃᷌,а㔤ᮓሴ䰞仈,Landauer-Buttikerޜᔿˈа㔤䖜〫⸙䱥ˈ⅗࿶ᇊᖻ䰞仈ˈҼ㔤䖜〫⸙䱥ᯩ⌅ㅜйㄐDŽᮓᮓሴ⸙䱥⨶䇪˖Buttikerཊㄟޜᔿˈ⢩ᖱ࣯ˈᕡ䶎㓯ᙗ⭥ሬˈվ仁⭥ሬˈ䟿ᆀ⭥ᇩˈ䟿ᆀ✝Րሬˈ㠚᯻䳗クㅜഋㄐDŽṬṬ᷇࠭ᮠоᮓሴ⸙䱥˖䟿ᆀ࣋ᆖṬ᷇࠭ᮠˈFISHER-LEEޣ㌫ˈㄟਓ㠚㜭ˈተฏ䜘࠶ᘱᇶᓖㅜӄㄐDŽ㓣㓣㊣ቪᓖ䗃䘀Ⲵㅜа৏⨶⁑ᤏ˖สᵜṶᷦ,䶎ᒣ㺑GREEN࠭ᮠˈᇶᓖ⌋࠭ˈᇎオ䰤ᯩ⌅ˈᔰ᭮փ㌫Ⲵ㠚⍭ˈ⭥⍱⭥঻ᴢ㓯ӻ㿲⢙⨶о㓣㊣⭥ᆀᆖሬ䇪:ⴞᖅㅜаㄐᕅ䇪ӻ㿲⢙⨶о㓣㊣⭥ᆀᆖሬ䇪ㅜа㢲˖สᵜᾲᘥ,ㅜҼ㢲˖㓣㊣ᢰᵟㅜй㢲˖㓣㊣ቪᓖޣ䭞ᇎ傼ᢰᵟㅜഋ㢲˖㓣㊣㇑--⭥ᆀಘԦⲴᯠ⿰ㅜӄ㢲˖പփ⢙⨶༽Ґ,⢩ᖱ䮯ᓖㅜޝ㢲˖ӻ㿲⢙⨶ᇎ傼ㅜг㢲˖ਇ䲀䟿ᆀփ㌫ㅜа㢲สᵜᾲᘥ•ӻ㿲փ㌫о㓣㊣փ㌫�⴨ޣⲴ䜘࠶শਢһԦ�䍩ᴬ1959ᒤ╄䇢ѝⲴ㓣㊣、ᆖӻ㿲փ㌫о㓣㊣փ㌫•ӻ㿲⢙⨶˖⹄ウवᤜӾᗞ㊣ˈӊᗞ㊣ˈ㓣㊣ࡠഒ㈷Ⲵփ㌫Ⲵ䟿ᆀ⴨ᒢⲴ䗃䘀⧠䊑DŽ•ӻ㿲փ㌫˖ࠑᱟࠪ⧠䟿ᆀ⴨ᒢ⧠䊑Ⲵփ㌫DŽ•㓣㊣փ㌫˖ᤷḀњオ䰤ᯩੁѪ1㓣㊣ࡠ100㓣㊣Ⲵփ㌫ˈާᴹሿቪᓖሬ㠤Ⲵᯠ⢩ᙗˈᯠ࣏㜭DŽ•㓣㊣、ᢰ˖ሩ㓣㊣փ㌫䘋㹼ࡦ༷ˈ⢩ᙗ࠶᷀ˈᇎ䱵ᓄ⭘ѝⲴ、ᆖ઼ᢰᵟDŽѫ㾱ᱟ⢙⨶ᆖˈॆᆖ઼⭏⢙ᆖ৺ަӔ৹Ⲵ、ᆖ઼ᢰᵟDŽSomeSelectedMacro,MesoandNanoFacts1911Superconductivity:H.K.Onnes,LeidenComm,122b,122c1928SuggestNSOM:E.H.Synge,Phil.Mag.6,3561938Superfluid:Kapitza,AllenandMeisener,nature,?1944Whatislife?E.Schordinger’sbook1953DNAstructure:Cricketal.1957Landauerformula:R.landauer,IBMJ.Res.Develop,Vol.1,No.3,2231959Aharonov-Bohmeffect:Y.A.Aharonov,D.Bohm,Phys.Rev.115,4851959Suggestnanoscience:Feynman’stalkonAPSmeeting1962Josephsoneffect:B.D.Josephson,Phys.Lett.1,2511970Superlattice,L.EsakiandR.Tsu,IBMJ.Res.Develop,vol.14,611970SuggestFullerene,བྷ⌭᱐Ҽ,ॆᆖ,vol.25,854(inJapanese)1980IQHE,K.von.Klitzingetal,PRL45,4951982STM:G.Binnigetal,Helv.Phys.Acta.55,7261982FQHE,D.C.Tsui,etal,PRL48,15591984SNOMfacility:D.W.Pohletal,Appl.Phys.Lett.44,6511985ABinmetalring,R.A.Webetal,PRL54,25961985FindC60:H.W.Krotoetal,Nature318,1621986HightTcsuperconductivity:J.G.Bednorzetal,Z.Phys.B64,1981986AFM,G.Binnigetal,PRL56,9301988Quantizedconductance:B.J.vanWees,PRL60,8481991Nanotube:S.Iijima,Nature354,561993BEC:J.L.LinandJ.P.Wolfe,PRL71,1222What’sthefactsinrecentTenyears?•㓣㊣⴨ޣⲴ、ᢰ䘁ॱᒤྲ䴘ਾ᱕ㄻ•㓣㊣✝઼㓣㊣ডᵪ䇪ᒦᆈ•՚㓣㊣һԦᰦᴹਁ⭏ImpliedNanoscienceinFeynman’sTalk•Nanoscaleinformationstorage,ؑ᚟ᆈۘ•Nanofabrication,㓣㊣ࡦ䙐•VirtualEnviron.forNanomanipulation,㲊ᤏ⧟ຳ•Nanotribology,㓣㊣᪙ᬖᆖ•Nanoelectronics,㓣㊣⭥ᆀᆖ•Nanochemistry,㓣㊣ॆᆖ•Nanobiology,㓣㊣⭏⢙ᆖ•Nanoscaleexperimentalmethods,㓣㊣ቪᓖᇎ傼•Spintronics,㠚᯻⭥ᆀᆖ•Nanomedical,㓣㊣५ᆖ•Nanomachine,㓣㊣ᵪಘ•Nanomechanicsˈ㓣㊣࣋ᆖNanoscaleInformationStorage•ሩ⇿њ∄⢩ᡁݱ䇨100њ৏ᆀ㺘䗮DŽ㔃᷌ޘ䜘Ӫ㊫൘ц⭼к᝾䟽ൠ᭦䳶䎧ᶕⲴ൘ҖѝⲴޘ䜘ؑ᚟䜭㜭߉ࡠⲮ࠶ѻҼ・ᯩ㤡ረѪ䗩Ⲵ・ᯩփᶀᯉѝ——䘉ᱟӪⲴ⵬ⶋᡰ㜭ⴻ㿱ⲴᴰሿⲴቈෳDŽNanoLett.,2009,9(2),pp643–647:High-SpeedMemoryfromCarbonNanotubeField-EffectTransistorswithHigh-«GateDielectricMarcusRinki,AndreasJohansson,G.S.ParaoanuandPaiviTormaNanofabrication•ᔪ䙐10ӯњᗞሿⲴ⴨਼ⲴᐕলˈᆳԜ਼ᰦࡦ䙐ˈ䫫ᆄˈ⁑঻䴦ԦㅹㅹDŽ•䊑⭥㿶ѝⲴ䱤ᶱሴ㓯㇑䛓ṧˈᡁԜ㜭⭘䛓Ӌ⛩ᶕ䙀㹼߉DŽᒦ൘᤹㹼ᢛ᧿ᰦˈ㜭䈳㢲ሶ㻛⊹〟ⲴᶀᯉⲴཊቁDŽVirtualEnvironmentforNanomanipulation•֐⸕䚃ˈ൘৏ᆀ㜭ᐕলˈഐѪ䗀ሴᙗ䰞仈ˈᴹӋᶀᯉ઼ᵪಘᱟн㜭㻛ⴤ᧕᩶ᔴⲴDŽѪҶਆл㷪⇽ˈᨂк㷪ᵶㅹㅹˈ൘䛓䟼ԆԜᴹа㌫ࡇⲴѫӾᵪಘ᡻DŽ൘䘉䟼᫽֌а྇ᶐᵶˈ֐᧗ࡦ൘䛓䟼Ⲵ᡻ˈᡰԕˈ֐㜭䊑䘉ṧ䖜ࣘᆳԜˈ֯֐㜭䶎ᑨԔӪ┑᜿ൠ᩶ᔴᆳDŽᇎ䱵кབྷ䜘࠶䘉Ӌ㻵㖞ڊ䎧ᶕᖸㆰঅˈഐѪᴹ⢩࡛Ⲵ㔶㓯DŽ䊑аṩᵘڦ㓯аṧˈӾ᧗ࡦㄟⴤ᧕䘎ࡠ᡻кDŽնᱟˈᖃ❦ˈҏਟ֯⭘ժᴽ⭥ᵪˈਚн䗷൘ѫӾѻ䰤Ⲵ䘎᧕ᱟ⭥Ⲵ㘼нᱟᵪỠⲴDŽᖃ֐䖜ࣘᶐᵶⲴᰦىˈᆳԜ䖜ࣘժᴽ⭥ᵪˈ᭩ਈҶ⭥㓯ѝⲴ⭥⍱ˈሶ䟽ᯠᇊս൘ਖаㄟⲴ傜䗮DŽNanotribology•⏖━वᤜҶаӋᴹ䏓Ⲵ㿲⛩DŽ⏖━⋩Ⲵᴹ᭸㋈ᙗ䲿ቪᓖ߿ሿሶᡀ∄⦷໎儈˄ᒦфᡁԜ㾱ቭਟ㜭Ⲵ໎࣐䙏ᓖ˅DŽྲ᷌ᡁԜн໎࣐䙏ᓖཚཊˈӾ⏖━⋩ਈࡠ➔⋩ᡆаӋަᆳⲴ⍱փˈ䰞仈䘈нѕ䟽DŽնᱟᇎ䱵кˈᡁԜҏ䇨ᆼޘнᗵ㾱к⋩⏖━ʽᡁԜ䘈ᴹᖸཊ仍ཆⲴ࣋DŽ䇙䖤᢯ᒢ䖜ԆԜሶнՊਈᗇཚ✝ˈഐѪ✝Ӿ䘉ṧⲴሿⲴ㻵㖞䶎ᑨ䗵䙏ൠᮓᔰDŽNanoelectronics•ᡁᐢ㓿ᜣ䗷Ҷ൘ሿⲴቪᓖкᔪ䙐⭥䐟Ⲵ䰞仈DŽᒦфˈ⭥䱫Ⲵ䰞仈ᖸᡀ䰞仈DŽྲ᷌֐൘ሿⲴቪᓖкᔪ䙐ሩᓄⲴ⭥䐟ˈ⭡Ҿ⌒䮯䲿ቪᓖ߿ሿ㘼߿ሿˈᆳⲴപᴹ仁⦷ቡкॷҶ˗նᱟˈ䎻㛔␡ᓖӵӵ䲿ቪᓖⲴ∄⦷Ⲵᒣᯩṩ߿ቁDŽ䘉ṧˈ⭥䱫Ⲵ䰞仈ᴤ࣐ഠ䳮DŽྲ᷌仁⦷нཚ儈ˈᡁԜ㜭䙊䗷䎵ሬᡆަᆳᯩ⌅ᡈ㜌⭥䱫DŽ•⭘ᮠⲮз⮤ڊⲴབྷ⻱䫱ˈ൘ሿቪᓖᰦкਚ㜭⭘অ⮤ڊDŽ⭥䇮༷ሶнӵӵᱟ᤹∄ֻ㕙ሿˈᆳᗵ享㻛䟽ᯠ䇮䇑DŽ•⭥㓯Ⲵⴤᖴᓄ䈕ᱟ10ᡆ㘵100৏ᆀˈᒦф⭥䐟ᓄ䈕ᱟєйॳෳⲴᇭᓖDŽ•ᖃᡁԜࡠ䗮䶎ᑨ䶎ᑨሿⲴц⭼Ⲵᰦىˈ∄ྲ7њ৏ᆀⲴ⭥䐟ˈᴹ䇨ཊᯠⲴь㾯ਁ⭏ˈᆳᆼޘ㺘⧠Ѫ⭥䐟䇮䇑Ⲵᯠᵪ䙷DŽሿⲴቪᓖкⲴ৏ᆀа⛩ҏн䊑ᆳⲴབྷቪᓖ㹼ѪˈഐѪԆԜᗵ享┑䏣䟿ᆀ࣋ᆖ㿴ᖻDŽNanochemistry•ᘾṧਸᡀ˛ᢺ৏ᆀ᭮൘ॆᆖᇦ䈤Ⲵൠᯩˈ䘉ṧ֐ࡋ䙐Ҷ⢙䍘DŽྲ᷌ⴻⴻᡁԜ↓൘ڊӰѸⲴ㜭࣋ˈ൘৏ᆀⲴ≤ᒣкڊһᛵⲴ㜭࣋ሶᴰ㓸㻛ᔰਁˈॆᆖ઼⭏⢙ᆖⲴ䰞仈㜭ᗇࡠᶱབྷⲴᑞࣙ——ᡁᜣ䘉ṧⲴਁኅᱟн㜭䚯ݽⲴDŽNanobiology•⭏⢙ᆖѝⲴ൘ሿቪᓖк߉བྷ䟿ؑ᚟Ⲵֻᆀˈ׳ᡀҶᡁ䇔ⵏൠ㘳㲁ᓄ䈕ᱟਟ㜭ⲴһᛵDŽ⭏⢙ᆖнӵӵᱟㆰঅൠ߉ؑ᚟˗ᆳᱟሩᆳڊҶӰѸһᛵDŽањ⭏⢙ᆖ㌫㔏㜭ཏ䶎ᑨሿDŽ䇨ཊ㓶㜎䶎ᑨᗞሿˈնᱟˈԆԜⲴ⍫ᙗ䶎ᑨ˗ԆԜࡦ䙐਴⿽⢙䍘˗ԆԜ㹼䎠˗ԆԜ᩶ࣘ˗ᒦфԆԜڊ਴⿽ԔӪ᛺ᔲⲴһᛵ——ޘ䜘䜭൘䶎ᑨሿⲴቪᓖкDŽਖཆˈᆳԜۘᆈؑ᚟DŽ㘳㲁ᡁԜҏ㜭ࡦ䙐䶎ᑨሿⲴᡁԜᜣڊⲴь㾯Ⲵਟ㜭ᙗ——ᡁԜ㜭ࡦ䙐ањ⢙փ൘䛓њቪᓖк䘀㹼ʽNanoscaleexperimentalmethods•ᖃᡁ൘䘉䟼䈸ࡠሿቪᓖкⲴᡰᴹ䘉ӋһᛵⲴᰦىˈᡁሶੁ֐Ԝᕪ䈳᭩ழ⭥ᆀᱮᗞ䮌100ؽⲴ䟽㾱ᙗDŽᆳнᱟнਟ㜭˗ᆳҏ⋑ᴹ䘍㛼⭥ᆀ㹽ሴⲴᇊᖻDŽ൘䘉ṧⲴᱮᗞ䮌䟼ˈ⭥ᆀⲴ⌒䮯ӵӵᱟ1/20ෳDŽ䘉ṧˈⴻࡠঅњ৏ᆀᓄ䈕ᱟਟ㜭ⲴDŽSpintronics•ᡁԜ㜭ཏ֯⭘ˈнӵᱟ⭥䐟ˈ䘈वᤜ⎹৺䟿ᆀॆⲴ㜭㓗ˈ䟿ᆀॆ㠚᯻Ⲵ⴨ӂ֌⭘Ⲵ㌫㔏ㅹㅹDŽNanomedical•֐ᢺᵪỠⲴཆ、५⭏᭮൘Ҷ㹰㇑䟼ˈᆳ䐁䘋ᗳ㜿ࡠ༴ⴻⴻDŽ˄ᖃ❦ؑ᚟ᗵ享㻛৽侸DŽ˅ᆳ᰾ⲭଚњ䰰䰘ᱟнᆼழⲴањˈ⭘ᆳᩪᑖⲴሿ࠰ᢺᆳ࠷ᦹDŽަԆⲴሿᵪಘਟԕ≨ѵൠ㻛࣐ޕ䓛փˈ⭘ᶕॿࣙаӋ࣏㜭ཡ䈳ⲴಘᇈDŽNanomachine•ѪӰѸᡁԜн㜭൘䶎ᑨሿⲴቪᓖк䫫ᆄˈ࠷ࢢˈ✺᧕ˈߢ঻ˈ⁑঻˛൘֐н㜭⭘⁑঻ڊᆳѻࡽⲴቪረཊሿⲴ䲀ࡦᱟӰѸ˛ᖸཊᰦ䰤֐䀓ߣⲴаӋ֯֐ਇᥛⲴᗞሿһ⢙䊑֐࿫ᆀ㞅к䛓ṧⲴ⪎༛㺘ˈ֐ᱟ੖ੁ֐㠚ᐡ䈤‘ྲ᷌ᡁ㜭䇝㓳㲲㲱ڊ䘉њ䈕ཊྭʽ’ᡁᜣᨀ䇞Ⲵᱟˈ䇝㓳ањ㲲㲱ᶕ䇝㓳ањ㷘㲛ڊ䘉ԦһⲴਟ㜭ᙗDŽ•䶐↓⺞Ⲵ᫽֌ˈ൘ሿⲴቪᓖк᭩ழ㋮ᇶᓖнᱟнਟ㜭DŽNanomechanics•ㅜаˈ㤕䴦Ԧ㻛঻ࡠ⴨਼Ⲵ〻ᓖˈ࣋ሶ䲿֐߿ቁ䶒〟㘼໎࣐ˈ䘉ṧ䊑䟽䟿઼ᜟᙗ䛓ṧⲴһᛵ⴨ሩⲴн䟽㾱DŽᦒਕ䈍䈤ᶀᯉⲴᕪᓖᡀ∄⦷໎བྷDŽྲ᷌ᡁԜ߿ቁቪረᰦҏ໎࣐᯻䖜Ⲵ䙏ᓖԕ⴨਼Ⲵ∄⦷Ⲵ䈍ˈ伎䖞Ⲵ঻઼࣋ᶕ㠚⿫ᗳ࣋Ⲵᕐ࣋ሶᱟ⴨਼Ⲵ∄⦷DŽ൘ਖаᯩ䶒ˈᡁԜ֯⭘Ⲵ䠁኎ᴹᲦ㋂㔃ᶴˈഐѪᶀᯉн൷रˈᡰԕ൘ሿቪᓖ䘉ሶ䶎ᑨ✖ᚬDŽ㔃䇪•൘৏ᆀⲴ≤ᒣˈᡁԜᴹᯠ㊫රⲴ࣋ˈᯠ㊫රⲴਟ㜭ᙗˈ઼ᯠ㊫රⲴ᭸ᓄDŽᶀᯉⲴࡦ䙐઼⭏ӗⲴ䰞仈ሶ䶎ᑨн਼DŽ•䗴ӺѪ→ˈᡁ㜭ⴻ㿱ˈ⢙⨶ᆖⲴ৏ࡉн৽ሩ৏ᆀᥘ৏ᆀᆹᧂⲴਟ㜭ᙗDŽᆳнᱟ䘍⣟ԫօᇊᖻⲴቍ䈅˗ᆳᱟ൘৏⨶к㜭ڊⲴһᛵDŽ•1959ᒤ䍩ᴬⲴ䇢䈍ˈਟԕ䇔Ѫᱟㅜаㇷᴰ䟽㾱Ⲵ㓣㊣、ᢰᯩ䶒Ⲵ䇪᮷ʽㅜҼ㢲㓣㊣、ᆖ઼㓣㊣ᢰᵟ1.Worldwidenanoscienceresearch2.TrueorFalse?3.Nanotechnologydefinition4.Somenanotechnologies5.Whymovingintonanoworld?6.Recentprogresses7.Researchdirections8.Nanoelectronicstopten9.Fictionorreality?1.WorldwidenanoscienceresearchFundintheworld͝భ㏣ㆣ⼁ឰപ⵰ⵄ⾦䃑݂(1)㓣㊣ᶀᯉⲴ䇮䇑઼ࡦ༷DŽ(2)㺘ᖱ㓣㊣փ㌫Ⲵᯠ৏⨶઼ᯠ᡻⇥઼ᗞ४᧒⍻DŽ(3)㓣㊣ಘԦ઼㓣⭥ᆀᆖDŽ(4)㓣㊣⭏⢙փ㌫઼ԯ⭏㓣㊣㔃ᶴDŽ(5)㓣㊣փ㌫ᶴㆁⲴᯠ⨶䇪઼ᯠᯩ⌅DŽ(6)㓣㊣փ㌫Ⲵӻ㿲⢙⨶ส⹰৺ަ⢩ᔲᙗ㜭Ⲵ、ᆖส⹰DŽӰѸᱟ㓣㊣˛•㓣㊣ᱟቪረᡆབྷሿⲴᓖ䟿অս˖ॳ㊣˄103˅ė㊣ėৈ㊣ė∛㊣ėᗞ㊣ė㓣㊣˄10-9˅•~4ؽ৏ᆀབྷሿˈз࠶ѻаཤਁ㋇㓶•ᧂᡀа㓯Ⲵ10њ≒৏ᆀ•ᧂᡀа㓯Ⲵ5њ⹵৏ᆀWhatisnano?ӰѸᱟ㓣㊣˛2.TrueorFalse?ഭ޵ཆᑖᴹ㓣㊣ḷㆮⲴ‘㓣㊣’ᢰᵟᓄ⭘㓣㊣ߠ㇡㓣㊣⍇㺓ᵪ㓣㊣⎲ᯉ㓣㊣ᴽ㻵˄䱢ቈݽ⍇˅㓣㊣亶ᑖ˄䱢⋩⊑˅㓣㊣䶻ෛ˄䱢㧼䲔㠝˅㓣㊣≤DŽDŽDŽDŽDŽDŽDŽDŽDŽ㠣ཊᱟ֯⭘Ҷ䜘࠶㓣㊣ᢰᵟˈᡆਟ㜭ᱟ僇ተˈԕ㠣Ҿ‘㓣㊣ྭਲ਼ੇ’ᡀѪㅁᯉˈウㄏ˖ӰѸᱟ㓣㊣、ᢰ˛ӰѸᱟ㓣㊣、ᢰⲴѫ⍱˛㓣㊣а䇽Ⲵ┕⭘ࠐֻᰙᵏⲴ⋑ᴹ㓣㊣ḷㆮⲴ㓣㊣ᢰᵟᓄ⭘˖㾯≹䬌䮌઼唁┶啃ᗭ໘┶ಘۜॆࡲᶀᯉᝏݹᶀᯉ઼ᖙ㢢㜦⡷ਜ਼ᴹ儈ዝ൏仇㋂Ⲵ䖞㛾、ᆖൠⴻᖵ“㓣㊣✝”“㓣㊣൘ѝഭ䶎ᑨ✝䰩DŽ”㪇਽ᶀᯉᆖᇦǃഭᇦ㓣㊣ᶀᯉ、ᢰᤷሬॿ䈳ငઈՊ亮䰞ᐸ᰼㔚ݸ⭏䈸ࡠˈⴞࡽഭ޵㓣㊣ѝᗳǃ㓣㊣⑟ǃ㓣㊣、ᢰഝᖸཊˈӵӺᒤᐸݸ⭏