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当前位置:首页 > 外语资料 > 英语基础 > 考研英语语法之词性句子成分基本句型
....词类、句子成分、基本句型一、词类能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类。实词:名词__________、动词__________、形容词___________、副词__________、代词__________、数词__________虚词:介词__________、冠词__________、连词__________、感叹词__________(一)名词名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。1.普通名词是某一类人、事物、某种物质后抽象概念的名称。teachermarketricemagazinesoundproduction2.专有名词是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母大写。HemingwayRussiaNewYorkUnitedNations1.可数名词shop—shopsbus—buseslibrary—librariesleaf—leavestoy—toysman—mentooth—teethdatum—data2.不可数名词advicefurniturehairhomeworkinformationknowledgemoneynewstrafficprogressabsenceangercouragemusic1.抽象名词responsibilitylawlovecredibilitycreativityexploration2.具体名词paperhousetreesoilstudentteacher(二)冠词冠词放在名词之前,帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两种。不定冠词为a/an,用在单数名词前,表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词前,an用在以元音开头的名词前。ahotelachanceadoubleroomausefulbookanexhibitionanhonestman定冠词只有一个,即the,表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前,也可用于不可数名词前。theTVprogramthehousetheOlympicGames(三)代词1.人称代词:I,you,she,he,it,we,they2.物主代词:my,your,her,his,their,its,mine,yours,hers,theirs,ours3.反身代词:myself,yourself,itself,himself,herself,ourselves,yourselves,oneself4.相互代词:eachother,oneanother5.指示代词:this,that,these,those,such6.疑问代词:who,whom,whose,which,what....7.关系代词:who,whom,whose,which,that8.不定代词:some,any,no,all,every,many,alittle,someone,something,everybody(四)数词数词是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者为基数词,如one,twenty,thirty-five,onehundredandninety-five等。后者为序数词,如first,second,twentieth,fifty-first等。(五)形容词形容词是用来修饰名词,表示名词属性的词。如yellow,wonderful,strong,young,busy等。形容词可分为原级、比较级、最高级。(六)副词1.普通副词:together,well,carefully2.疑问副词:when,where,how,why3.连接副词:therefore,then,however,otherwise4.关系副词:where,when,why副词也有比较级和最高级,构成和形容词一样。(七)介词介词又叫前置词,放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面,表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分之间的关系。介词在句中一般不重读,也不能单独作句子成分。1.简单介词:in,at,for,since2.复合介词:asfor,outof,into,upon3.二重介词:untilafter,fromamong4.短语介词:accordingto,becauseof,infrontof,intheeventof5.分词介词:regarding,considering,including介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语。(八)连词连词是连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词是虚词,在句中一般不重读,也不能在句中单独作句子成分。1.并列连词(连接并列关系的的词、短语、从句或句子):and,or,but,for,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…2.从属连词(连接主从复合句):that,if,whether,when,although,because,sothat(九)感叹词感叹词是表示喜怒哀乐等情感的词,例如oh,well,why,hello等。(十)动词动词是表示动作或状态的词,例如:sign,support,have,exist等。可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。1.实义动词有完整的意义,并能作独立的谓语,又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。(1)及物动词:后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整,如....Givemesomeink,please.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,youcanraiseyourhands.(2)不及物动词:后面不跟宾语,意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于与一个及物动词。Heworkshard.JackrunsfasterthanMike.Pleaselookattheblackboardandlistentome.Hegotan“A”thistimebecausehewentoverhislessonscarefully.2.情态动词表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气和情感。情态动词只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。英语情态动词主要有:can,may,must,could,might.,need,dare。3.助动词常和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式,以及用于否定和疑问等结构中。英语助动词主要有shall,will,have,be,should,would,do等。4.系动词(1)状态系动词:只有beMannersareatooltoremindusofothersaroundus.(2)持续系动词:表继续或保持一种状态或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay,continue,rest,lie,stand。Ihopeyouwillkeepfit.Hestayedsingle.You’dhavemorechanceofsuccessifyouwouldstandtall.(3)表像系动词:表示看起来好像,主要有seem,appear,look等。Helookstired.Thistypeofpersonseems(tobe)someonewhohaslittleornofaithintraditionalreligion.(4)感官系动词:feel,smell,sound,taste,look.Theyoungstersfeelisolated.Helookshonest,butactuallyhe’sarogue.(5)变化系动词:表示变成什么样,如become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run。Teenagershavebecomeincreasinglyawareofnewproductsandbrands.Hishairturnedgreyinfewweeks.Shewentpaleatthenews.(6)终止系动词:表示主语已经终止动作,主要有prove,turnout,表达“证实”之意。Theplanturnedoutasuccess.Thesearchproveddifficult.注意:1.要特别牢记系动词的固定搭配,如cometrue,fallill,gobad,runwild,wearthin,turnnasty等。2.要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词,又可以做实义动词的用法。Thenewly-inventedsoftdrinkingtastesquiteunique.Thechefistastingthefishcarefully.....动词十六种时态一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在studyam/is/arestudyinghavestudiedhavebeenstudying过去studiedwas/werestudyinghadstudiedhadbeenstudying将来willstudywillbestudyingwillhavestudiedwillhavebeenstudying过去将来wouldstudywouldbestudyingwouldhavestudiedwouldhavebeenstudying注意:不少词可以同属于几个词类,如:smoke,own,just,key等二、句子成分由不同词类的单词(名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词),按照一定的语法规则组合在一起,能表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫做句子。一个句子由各个功能不同的部分构成,这些部分叫做句子成分。英语句子的成分有八种:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。(一)主语(subject)是句子所要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体。主语的位置通常在句首,不省略,可以担当主语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句。Wallshaveears.Hewilltakeyoutothehospital.Threeplusfourequalsseven.Toseeistobelieve.Smokingisnotallowedinpublicplaces.Whetherornottheywillcomedependsontheweather.(二)谓语动词(predicateverb)是说明主语的动作或状态的句子成分。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语动词由实义动词或系动词担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。Actionspeakslouderthanwords.Thechancemaynevercomeagain.Tomwasverysickatheart.Maryhasbeenworkingatthedressshopsince1994.(三)表语(predicative)是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的。它的位置在系动词之后。可做表语的有名词、代词、形容词与分词、数词、动词不定式、介词短语、副词及表语从句等。Myfatherisaprofessor.Who’sthat?It’sme.Everythinghereisdeartoher.Thematchbecameveryexciting.....Thestoryofmylifemaybeofhelptoothers.Threetimesfiveisfifteen.Hisplanistoseekworkinthecity.Myfirstideawasthatyoushouldhideyourfeelings.(四)宾语(object)表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后或介词后,如果没有,则及物动词无法表示完整的动作。Shecoveredherfacewithherhands.Wehaven’tseenherforalongtime.Doyoumindopeningthewindow?*Givemefour,please.Hewantstodreamanicedream.*Weneedtoknowwhatothersaredoing.Ilive
本文标题:考研英语语法之词性句子成分基本句型
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