Past-Perfect过去完成时

GrammarPastPerfect过去完成时1.Plinywroteaboutaterriblevolcaniceruptionthathehadwitnessedasayoungman.PresentationReadthesentencesandfindoutwhichactionhappenedbeforetheother.hadwitnessedwrotenow2.However,morethan1,600yearslater,somescientistsfoundthelosttownsthathadbeenburiedundertheashes.hadbeenburiedfoundnow3.Beforetheeruptionoccurred,ithadbeenaboomingRomancity.4.ThebodiesofpeoplewhohaddiedinPompeiileftimpressionsintheash...occurredhadbeennownowhaddiedleftnowCanyousummarizearulethatcanexpressaneventthathappenedearlier,beforetheotherpastevent?pastsimpleWeusethePastPerfect(过去完成时)totalkaboutaneventinthepastwhichhappenedbeforetheotherpastevent.构成:主语+had+v-edUsually,thepastperfectandthepastsimpleinonesentenceshowtheorderofpastevents.nowpastperfect1.过去的过去表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”过去完成式的过去时间常用以下四种方式表示1)用by、before引导的短语或从句bytheendof+表过去的时间bythetime+表过去时间的从句by+表过去的时间before+表过去的时间(从句)Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearnt2000words.Bythetimehewastwenty,hehadopenedashopofhisown.By1918,millionsofpeoplehadlosttheirlivesinthewar.Tomhadalreadyhadbreakfastbefore7o’clockthismorning.HehadtaughtEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecametoourschool.2)用when引导的状语从句rarely...when...scarcely...when...刚...就..;一...就...hardly...when...nosooner...than...ThebushadleftwhenIgottothestation.Ihadhardlyarrivedhomewhenthetelephonerang.Nosooner/Hardlyhadhelefttheofficethanitbegantorain.3)用于主句为过去时态的宾语从句中Sb.said/knew/told/asked...HesaidhehadneverbeentoAmerica.Theteacheraskedwhohadbrokethecup.4)用于句型“主语+had+p.p+since+从句/时间状语”、“It+was/hadbeen+一段时间+since从句”和“This/That/It+wasthefirst/second...time+that从句”Wehadknowneachothersincehecamehere.Itwasfiveyearssincetheyhadbecomegoodfriends.Itwasthethirdtimethathehadmadethesamemistake.2.表愿望、打算一类的词，如hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等,其过去完成时表示未曾实现的愿望或意图。Ihadmeanttohelpyou,butIwasbusyatthemoment.3.表过去的动作/状态延续到过去某一时间，常与for/since引导的时间状语连用。Hehadwaitedhisgirlfriendforanhourbeforesheturnedup.4)用于定语从句、虚拟语气和as/than引导的方式/比较状语中IfoundthebookwhichIhadlost.Ifhehadcaughttheearlybus,hewouldnothavebeenlateforclass.Theyarrivedattheairportearlierthanwehadexpected.Practice6PuttheverbsinthePastPerfect.1.Nobodybelievedhimbecausehe______________(oftenlie)before.2.Theyweren’tsurprisedatall._____they______(hear)thenewsearlier?3.Didthepolicebelievethathe__________________(yetnotsteal)thecar?hadoftenliedHadheardhadnotyetstolen4.Ifirstmetherataparty.I___________(neversee)herbefore.5.Whenwearrivedatthetheatre,theplay__________________(alreadybegin).6.I__________(hope)tomeetyouattheairport,butIwascaughtinatrafficjam.7.We_____________(decorate)thehallforthepartyby5o’clockyesterdayevening.8.Theboss________(leave)theofficebeforeIcalledhim.hadneverseenhadalreadybegunhadhopedhaddecoratedhadleft1.Thehotelwasn’tparticularlygood.ButI____inmanyworsehotels.A.wasstayingB.stayedC.wouldstayD.hadstayed语法专练Choosethebestanswer.2.Wefirstmetonatrainin2000.Webothfeltimmediatelythatwe____eachotherforyears.A.knewB.haveknownC.hadknownD.know3.ThemomentIgothome,IfoundI____myjacketontheplayground.A.hadleftB.leftC.haveleftD.wasleaving4.Johnwasgiventhesamesuitcasehisfatherandgrandfather______withthemtoschool.A.tookB.hadtakenC.weretakingD.wouldtake5.Edward,youplaysowell.ButI_____youplayedthepiano.A.didn’tknowB.hadn’tknownC.don’tknowD.haven’tknown6.Excuseme,Marcia,areporterfromVanityFair_______allday.Couldyouspeaktohernow?A.phonesB.hasphonedC.hasbeenphoningD.phoned7.Overthepastdecades,seaice______intheArcticasaresultofglobalwarming.A.haddecreasedB.decreasedC.hasbeendecreasingD.isdecreasing8.Hissisterlefthomein1998,and_____since.A.hadnotbeenheardofB.hasnotbeenheardofC.hadnotheardofD.hasnotheardof9.I_____therealittlemorethanaweekwhenIsettoworkwiththescientist.A.wouldbeB.havebeenC.hadbeenD.willbe10.Theybecamefriendsagainthatday.Untilthenthey____toeachotherfornearlytwoyears.A.didn’tspeakB.hadn’tspokenC.haven’tspokenD.haven’tbeenspeaking11.--DidAlanenjoyseeinghisoldfriendsyesterday?--Yes,hedid.He______hisoldfriendsforalongtime.A.didn’tseeB.wouldn’tseeC.hasn’tseenD.hadn’tseen12.Attheendofthemeeting,itwasannouncedthatanagreement__________.A.hasbeenreachedB.hadbeenreachedC.hasreachedD.hadreached13.Shestaredatthepainting,wonderingwhereshe________it.A.sawB.hasseenC.seesD.hadseen14.Thepoliceman’sattentionwassuddenlycaughtbyasmallboxwhich______placedundertheMinister’scar.A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC.wasbeingD.wouldbe15.He______footballregularlyformanyyearswhenhewasyoung.A.wasplayingB.playedC.hasplayedD.hadplayed