Silicon-based-lithium-ion-battery-anodes-A-chronic

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectNanoEnergyjournalhomepage::AchronicleperspectivereviewXiuxiaZuoa,JinZhua,PeterMüller-Buschbaumb,Ya-JunChenga,c,⁎aPolymersandCompositesDivision,NingboInstituteofMaterialsTechnology&$2Engineering,ChineseAcademyofSciences,1219ZhongguanWestRd,ZhenhaiDistrict,Ningbo315201,ZhejiangProvince,PRChinabPhysik-Department,LehrstuhlfürFuntionelleMaterielien,TechnischeUniversitätMÜnchen,James-Franck-Strasse1,85748Garching,GermanycDepartmentofMaterials,UniversityofOxford,ParksRd,OX13PHOxford,UnitedKingdomARTICLEINFOKeywords:SiliconLithium-ionbatteryAnodeVolumechangeCyclicstabilityEnergystorageABSTRACTSihasbeenregardedasoneofthemostpromisingnextgenerationlithium-ionbattery(LIB)anodesduetoitsexceptionalcapacityandproperworkingvoltage.However,thedramaticvolumechangeduringlithiation/delithiationprocesseshascausedseveredetrimentalconsequences,leadingtoverypoorcyclicstability.IthasbeenoneofthecriticalproblemshamperingthepracticalapplicationsofthesiliconbasedLIBanode.Extensiveresearchhasbeencarriedouttoresolvetheproblemsinceearly1990s.Forthefirsttime,thestudiesontheSianodeinthetimeframemorethantwodecadesaresummarizedanddiscussedinthisreviewwithanovelchronicleperspective.Throughthisarticle,theevolutionoftheconcept,fundamentalscientificandtechnologydevelopmentofthesiliconLIBanodeareclearlypresented.ItprovidesuniqueeyesightintothisrapiddevelopingfieldandwillshedlightonthefuturetrendoftheSiLIBanoderesearch.1.IntroductionLithium-ionbatteries(LIBs)areoneofthemostwidelyusedsecondarybatterysystems.Comparedtootherrechargeablebatteries,suchasnickel-cadmiumandnickelmetalhydridebatteries,LIBsarefeaturedwithhigherenergydensity,higheroperatingvoltages,limitedself-dischargingandlowermaintenancerequirements[1–4].However,thecurrentcommercialgraphiteanodecannotmeettheincreasingdemandonenergydensity,operationreliabilityandsystemintegrationarisingfromportableelectronicdevices,electricvehicles,andenergystorageapplications.Graphiteanodesexhibitonlyamoderateintrinsicspecificcapacity(372mAhg-1)andserioussafetyconcernsduetolithiumplatingandfurtherformationoflithiumdendrites[5].Asaconsequence,studiesonnewgenerationanodematerialswiththecharacteristicsofhighcapacities,apropercharging/dischargingpo-tential,aswellassafeandlowcostmanufacturingandusagehaveattractedgreatattentionfromboth,academiaandindustry[6].Amongallpotentiallithium-ionbattery(LIB)anodes,silicon(Si)isoneofthemostpromisingcandidatestoreplacegraphiteduetofollowingreasons:(1)Sipossessesthehighestgravimetriccapacity(4200mAhg-1,lithiatedtoLi4.4Si)[7]andvolumetriccapacity(9786mAhcm-3,calculatedbasedontheinitialvolumeofSi)otherthanlithiummetal;(2)Siexhibitsanappropriatedischargevoltageatca.0.4Vinaverage,whichfindsagoodbalancebetweenretainingreasonableopencircuitvoltageandavoidingadverselithiumplatingprocess[5,8];(3)Siisabundant(secondrichestinearthcrust),potentiallylowcost,environmentfriendly,andnon-toxic[9].However,drasticvolumeexpansion(around360%forLi4.4Si)[10]andhugestressgenerationareaccompaniedwiththelithiation/delithiationprocessofSi,whichcausesseriesofseveredestructiveconsequences(Fig.1)[5,9,11,12].(1)Electrodestructureintegrityisdeterioratedduetograduallyenhancedpulverizationduringrepeateddischarge/chargeprocesses;(2)disconnectionbetweenelectrodeandcurrentcollectorhappensinducedbytheinterfacialstress;(3)con-tinuousconsumptionoflithiumionsoccursduringthecontinuousformation-breaking-reformationprocessofsolidelectrolyteinterface(SEI)layer[13–15].Alltheseprocessesaccelerateelectrodecollapseandcapacityfadinginasynergisticway.Besides,thecriticalproblemofvolumeexpansion,thepoorintrinsicelectronconductivityofSialsocontributestothesluggishelectrochemicalkinetics[16].Totackletheaforementionedcriticalissues,tremendouseffortshavebeenmadesince1990s[17–23].Thestrategiesdevelopedincludeutilizingnanoscalesilicon,compositingwithstress-reliefbuffermatrix,andconstructingphysicalcompartmenttoaccommodatevolumeexpansion.Inthismanuscript,theprogressofthebasicresearchactivitiesonSi-basedLIBanodeswillbereviewed.Theresearchworkwillbeclassifiedbasedonthreecriteria(Fig.2).Thefirstcriterionisthe⁎Correspondingauthorat:PolymersandCompositesDivision,NingboInstituteofMaterialsTechnology&$2Engineering,ChineseAcademyofSciences,1219ZhongguanWestRd,ZhenhaiDistrict,Ningbo315201,ZhejiangProvince,PRChina.E-mailaddress:[e-mail](Y.-J.Cheng).NanoEnergy31(2017)113–1432211-2855/©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Availableonline14November2016crossmarkstructurefeatureofSi,suchaszero-dimensionSinanoparticles,one-dimensionalSi(Sinanowire,Sinanotube),two-dimensionalSi(thickandthinSifilm),andthree-dimensionalSi(three-dimensionalcon-tinuousbulkSi).ThesecondoneisaboutmodificationstrategiesofSi.Itincludescomposition(furtherclassifiedwithdifferentcarbonspecies,metals,metaloxides,andothermaterials),andhierarchicalstructurecons