语言学教程-第三版-第三章-词汇学

中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网“word”3.1.2Identificationofwords3.1.3Classificationofwords3.2Theformationofword3.2.1Morphemeandmorphology3.2.2Typesofmorphemes3.2.3Inflectionandwordformation3.2.4Sememevs.morpheme,andphonemevs.morpheme3.3Lexicalchange3.3.1Lexicalchangeproper3.3.2Morpho-syntacticalchange3.3.3Semanticchange3.3.4Phonologicalchange3.3.5Orthographicchange中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.—Avaguedefinition.■Threesensesareinvolvedindefining“word”,noneofwhichissatisfactorytocopewithallthesituations.3.1.1Threesensesof“word”(1)Aphysicallydefinableunit:aclusterofsoundsegmentsorwritinglettersbetweentwopausesorblanks,e.g.■Phonological:/Itis5wQndEful/■Orthographic:Itiswonderful.■Threewordsarerecognized.■However,incasualspeechorwriting,itoftenbecomes:■Phonological:/Its5wQndEful/■Orthographic:It’swonderful.■Aretheytwowordsorthree?3.1Whatisword中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网(2)Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm■Whenoneisfacedwithasetofnouns,suchasboyandboysorasetofverbs,suchascheck,checks,checked,andchecking,theyarerecognizedastwowordsandfourwordsrespectively.e.g.■Word1“write”Word1:writeWord2:writesWord3:wroteWord4:writingWord5:written■Word2“fat”fatfatterfattest■SoWORDmaybeusedbothasageneralterm(thenfat,fatter,andfattestarejustoneword)andasspecificitems(thenfat,fatter,andfattestarethreewords).中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网(3)Agrammaticalunit:clausecomplexclausephrase/wordgroupwordmorpheme■TheWordrankislocatedbetweenMorphemeandPhrase.Aword,inthissense,isthenagrammaticalunit,justlikemorphemeorclausecomplex.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Stability:stablelinguisticunits.chairman,butnot*manchair■Relativeuninterruptibility:thoughwerecognizethreecomponentsintheworddisappointment:dis(#)appoint(#)ment,wecannotpauseoraddanothercomponentinbetween,asin*disinterestappointment.■Butwecanaddanotherwordbetweenwords:Paul,(John)andMary...■Aminimumfreeform:thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself.e.g.■—IsJanecomingtonight?■—Possibly.■Hi.■Wonderful.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网(1)Variablevs.InvariableWords:■Variablewords:thesamewordmayhavedifferentgrammaticalformsbutpartofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.e.g.followmatfollowsmatsfollowingfollowed■Invariablewords:Theydonothaveinflectiveendings,suchassince,when,seldom,through,etc.(2)Grammaticalvs.LexicalWords:■Grammatical/Functionwords:thosewhichmainlyworkforconstructinggroup,phrase,clause,clausecomplex,oreventextaregrammaticalwords,suchasconjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.■Lexical/Contentwords:thosewhichmainlyworkforreferringtosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.(3)Closed-classvs.Open-classWords:■Closed-classwords:Newmemberscannotnormallybeadded,e.g.pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,auxiliaries.■Open-classwords:Newmemberscanbeadded,e.g.nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网(4)Wordclass:knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar.■Noun,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,pronoun,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.■Somenewtermsinwordclass:i.Particle:infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs“getby”,“lookback”,etc.iiAuxiliary:do,haveiii.Pro-forms:substitutesforotherterms.■Pronoun:he,she,I,they,everyone■Pro-adjective:Yourcarisred.Soishis.■Pro-verb:HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid.■Pro-adverb:HehopestowinandIhopesotoo.■Pro-locative:Hewentthere.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Asmanyasthreedeterminersmaybeusedineachcaseandthereisafixedorderwhenthereismorethanone.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Predeterminers:all,both;half,one-third,three-quarters…;double,twice,threetimes…;such,what(exclamative),etc.■Centraldeterminers:the;this,these,that,those;my,our,your,his,her,its,their;which,what(relative),what(interrogative);a,another,some,any,no,either,neither;each,every;enough,much,more,most,less;afew,alittle),etc.■Postdeterminers:next,last,past,additional;many,several,few,little;one,two,three…;(a)dozen),etc.■Whendifferentsub-classesofdeterminersoccurtogether,theyfollowtheorderofpre-determiners+centraldeterminers+post-determiners.（×*fivetheallboy,√allthefiveboys）■*theiralltrouble■*fivetheallboys■*allthisboy■*allbothgirls中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网一、术语解释1.open-classwords[浙江大学2007；武汉大学2007研]【答案】Open-classwordsrefertowordswhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimitedandwiththeemergenceofnewideas,inventions,andsoon;newexpressionsarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Forexample,nouns,verbs,andadjectivesallbelongtothisclass.2.determiners[中