Drilling-Engineerning(英国钻井工程研究生原版英语教材)Ch2

CONTENTS1.INTRODUCTION2.POWERSYSTEM3.CIRCULATINGSYSTEMRoundTripOperationsDrillingAheadRunningCasingShortTrips4.CIRCULATINGSYSTEMDuplexPumpsTriplexPumps5.ROTARYSYSTEM5.1ProcedureforAddingDrillpipewhenDrillingAhead5.2ProcedureforPullingtheDrillstringfromtheHole5.3IronRoughneck5.4TopDriveSystems6.WELLCONTROLSYSTEM6.1Detectingakick6.2ClosingintheWell6.3Circulatingoutakick7.WELLMONITORINGSYSTEM22RigComponents2LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:Havingworkedthroughthischapterthestudentwillbeableto:General:•Describethesixmajorsub-systemsofadrillingrigandthefunctionofeachsystem.PowerSystem:•Describethepowersystemonadrillingrig.Hoistingsystem:•Identifythenamesofeachofthecomponentpartsofthehoistingsystemandstateitspurpose.•Describetheslipandslipandcutoperation.•Calculatethetensiononthedrillinglineandselectanappropriatelinediameterforaparticularapplication.•Calculatetheloadonthederrickwhenrunningorpullingastringorcasingordrillpipe.•Calculatetheworkdoneonadrillingline.CirculatingSystem:•Describethefunctionsofthedrillingfluid.•Identifythenamesofeachofthecomponentpartsofthecirculatingsystemandstateitspurpose.•Describethedifferencebetweenduplexandtriplexpumps.•Calculatethevolumetricoutputofatriplexandduplexpump.•Calculatethehorsepowerrequirementsforthemudpumps.RotarySystem:•Identifythenamesofeachofthecomponentpartsoftherotarysystemandstateitspurpose.•Statethebenefitsofthetopdrivesystem.•Describetheprocedureforrunningandpullingoutofhole.•Describetheprocedureformakingaconnection.WellControlSystem:•Identifythenamesofeachofthecomponentpartsofthewellcontrolsystemandstateitspurpose.WellMonitoringEquipment:•Listanddescribethefunctionswhicharemonitoredandthemonitoringequipmentthatwouldbeplacedontherig.InstituteofPetroleumEngineering,Heriot-WattUniversity322RigComponents1.INTRODUCTIONTherearemanyindividualpiecesofequipmentonarotarydrillingrig(Figure1).Theseindividualpiecesofequipmentcanhoweverbegroupedtogetherintosixsub-systems.Thesesystemsare:thepowersystem;thehoistingsystem;thecirculatingsystem;therotarysystem;thewellcontrolsystemandthewellmonitoringsystem.Althoughthepiecesofequipmentassociatedwiththesesystemswillvaryindesign,thesesystemswillbefoundonalldrillingrigs.Theequipmentdiscussedbelowwillbefoundonbothland-basedandoffshoredrillingrigs.Thespecialisedequipmentwhichisrequiredtodrillfromanoffshoredrillingrigwillbediscussedinasubsequentchapter.CrownBlockMonkeyBoardTravellingBlockHookSwivelKellyWeightIndicatorRotarytableDerrickFloorBlowoutPreventerCellarConductorDrillpipeDrillCollarMudFlowlineDrawworksShaleShakersMudPumpKellyHoseStandpipeDrillingLineFigure1RotaryDrillingRig4MotorMotorMotorMotorGeneratorEngineEngineGenerator1GeneratorEngineEngineGenerator2GeneratorEngineEngineGenerator3(ifrequired)ControlCabinet1ControlCabinetDrillersControllerControlCabinet2ControlCabinet3MudPumpMudPumpRotaryTableDrawWorks2.POWERSYSTEMMostdrillingrigsarerequiredtooperateinremotelocationswhereapowersupplyisnotavailable.Theymustthereforehaveamethodofgeneratingtheelectricalpowerwhichisusedtooperatethesystemsmentionedabove.Theelectricalpowergeneratorsaredrivenbydieselpoweredinternalcombustionengines(primemovers).Electricityisthensuppliedtoelectricmotorsconnectedtothedrawworks,rotarytableandmudpumps(Figure2).Therigmayhave,dependingonitssizeandcapacity,upto4primemovers,deliveringmorethan3000horsepower.Horsepower(hp)isanold,butstillwidelyused,unitofpowerinthedrillingindustry.Olderrigsusedsteampowerandmechanicaltransmissionsystemsbutmoderndrillingrigsuseelectrictransmissionsinceitenablesthedrillertoapplypowermoresmoothly,therebyavoidingshockandvibration.Thedrawworksandthemudpumpsarethemajorusersofpowerontherig,althoughtheyarenotgenerallyworkingatthesametime.3.HOISTINGSYSTEMThehoistingsystemisalargepulleysystemwhichisusedtolowerandraiseequipmentintoandoutofthewell.Inparticular,thehoistingsystemisusedtoraiseandlowerthedrillstringandcasingintoandoutofthewell.ThecomponentspartsofthehoistingsystemareshowninFigure3.Thedrawworksconsistsofalargerevolvingdrum,aroundwhichawirerope(drillingline)isspooled.Thedrumofthedrawworksisconnectedtoanelectricmotorandgearingsystem.Thedrillercontrolsthedrawworkswithaclutchandgearingsystemwhenliftingequipmentoutofthewellandabrake(frictionandelectric)whenrunningequipmentintothewell.Thedrillinglineisthreaded(reeved)overasetofsheavesinthetopofthederrick,knownFigure2PowersystemInstituteofPetroleumEngineering,Heriot-WattUniversity522RigComponentsasthecrownblockanddowntoanothersetofsheavesknownasthetravellingblock.Alargehookwithasnap-shutlockingdeviceissuspendedfromthetravellingblock.Thishookisusedtosuspendthedrillstring.Asetofclamps,knownastheelevators,usedwhenrunning,orpulling,thedrillstringorcasingintooroutofthehole,arealsoconnectedtothetravellingblock.DrawWorksCrownBlockDeadLineDeadLineAnchorDrawWorksDrumReserveDrumTravellingBlockFastLineElevatorsDrillingHookHavingreevedthedrillinglinearoundthecrownblockandtravellingblock,oneendofthedrillinglineissecuredtoananchorpointsomewherebelowtherigfloor.Sincethislinedoesnotmoveitiscalledthedeadline.Theoth