戏剧简介(英文)

Drama——熊梦蕴●Drama♣Dramaisthespecificmodeoffictionrepresentedinperformance.ThetermcomesfromaGreekwordmeaningactionwhichisderivedfromtodo.Theenactmentofdramaintheatre,performedbyactorsonastagebeforeanaudience,presupposes(预先假定)collaborative（合作的）modesofproductionandacollectiveformofreception.♣Thestructureofdramatictexts,unlikeotherformsofliterature,isdirectlyinfluencedbythiscollaborativeproductionandcollectivereception●HistoryofWesterndrama♠ClassicalAtheniandrama♣WesterndramaoriginatesinclassicalGreece.Thetheatricalcultureofthecity-stateofAthensproducedthreegenresofdrama:tragedy,comedy,andthesatyrplay(【古希腊】森林之神滑稽短歌剧,萨堤罗斯滑稽剧).Theiroriginsremainobscure,thoughbythe5thcenturyBCEtheywereinstitutionalisedincompetitionsheldaspartoffestivitiescelebratingthegodDionysus（狄俄尼索斯：酒神和宗教狂欢庆祝大自然权力和丰饶之神）.●Satyrplay♠SatyrplayswereanancientGreekformoftragicomedy,similarinspirittoburlesque(讽刺作品).Theyfeaturedchorusesofsatyrs,werebasedonGreekmythology,andwererifewithmockdrunkenness,brazensexuality,pranks,sightgags,andgeneralmerriment.SatyricdramawasoneofthethreevarietiesofAtheniandrama,theothertwobeingtragedyandcomedy.ItcanbetracedbacktoPratinasofPhlius,circa500BC.Papposilenusplayingthecrotals,theatricaltypeofthesatyrplay♠Romandrama♣FollowingtheexpansionoftheRomanRepublic(509–27BCE)intoGreekbetween270–240BCE,RomeencounteredGreekdrama.FromthelateryearsoftherepublicandtheRomanEmpire(27BCE-476CE),theatrespreadwestacrossEurope,aroundtheMediterraneanandreachedEngland;Romantheatrewasmorevaried,extensiveandsophisticatedthanthatofanyculturebeforeit.♣WhileGreekdramacontinuedtobeperformedthroughouttheRomanperiod,theyear240BCEmarksthebeginningofregularRomandrama.♣ThefirstimportantworksofRomanliteraturewerethetragediesandcomediesthatLiviusAndronicuswrotefrom240BCE.♠Medieval♣IntheMiddleAges,dramainthevernacular(本地语言)languagesofEuropemayhaveemergedfromreligiousenactmentsoftheliturgy(礼拜仪式).Mysteryplayswerepresentedontheporchofthecathedralsorbystrollingplayersonfeastdays.♠ElizabethanandJacobean♣OneofthegreatfloweringsofdramainEnglandoccurredinthe16thand17thcenturies.Manyoftheseplayswerewritteninverse,particularlyiambicpentameter(抑扬格五步音).♣InadditiontoShakespeare,suchauthorsasChristopherMarlowe,ThomasMiddletonwereprominentplaywrightsduringthisperiod.♣Asinthemedievalperiod,historicalplayscelebratedthelivesofpastkings,enhancingtheimageoftheTudormonarchy.AuthorsofthisperioddrewsomeoftheirstorylinesfromGreekmythologyandRomanmythologyorfromtheplaysofeminentRomanplaywrights.♠Modernandpostmodern♣Thepivotalandinnovativecontributionsofthe19th-centuryNorwegiandramatistHenrikIbsenandthe20th-centuryGermantheatrepractitionerBertoltBrechtdominatemoderndrama;eachinspiredatraditionofimitators,whichincludemanyofthegreatestplaywrightsofthemodernera.●DramaticstructureDramaticstructureisthestructureofadramaticworksuchasaplayorfilm.Manyscholarshaveanalyzeddramaticstructure,beginningwithAristotleinhisPoetics.♠ExpositionorIntroductionTheexpositionprovidesthebackgroundinformationneededtoproperlyunderstandthestory,suchastheprobleminthebeginningofthestory.♠RisingactionThebasicinternalconflictiscomplicatedbytheintroductionofrelatedsecondaryconflicts,includingvariousobstaclesthatfrustratetheprotagonist'sattempttoreachhisgoal.♠ClimaxThethirdactistheclimax,orturningpoint,whichmarksachange,forthebetterortheworse,intheprotagonist’saffairs.Ifthestoryisacomedy,thingswillhavegonebadlyfortheprotagonistsfirstly;andthenthingswillbegintogowellforthem.Ifthestoryisatragedy,thingswilgofromgoodtobadfortheprotagonists.Simplyput,thisiswherethemostdramaticpart.♠FallingactionSummary:Thefallingactionisthatpartofthestoryinwhichthemainparthasfinishedandyou'reheadingtotheconclusion.♠DénouementThedénouementservesastheconclusionofthestory.Thecomedyendswithadénouementinwhichtheprotagonistisbetteroffthanatthestory'soutset.Thetragedyendswithacatastropheinwhichtheprotagonistisworseoffthanatthebeginningofthenarrative.Moremodernworksmayhavenodénouement,becauseofaquickorsurpriseending.●ClassificationofdramaThetwomasksassociatedwithdramarepresentthetraditionalgeneric（通称）divisionbetweencomedyandtragedy.TheyaresymbolsoftheancientGreekMuses（缪斯，司文艺、音乐、美术的女神）,Thalia（赛利尔，喜剧的女神）andMelpomene（黑尔波墨涅，司悲剧之缪斯）.ThaliawastheMuseofcomedy(thelaughingface),whileMelpomenewastheMuseoftragedy(theweepingface).♠TragedyTragedyisaformofartbasedonhumansufferingthatoffersitsaudiencepleasure.Tragedyreferstoaspecifictraditionofdramathathasplayedauniqueandimportantrolehistoricallyintheself-definitionofWesterncivilisation.themasterpiecesoftheartofdrama♣ThemasterpiecesofTragedies:▲TheclassicalAtheniantragedies:■Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）:ThePersians波斯人SevenagainstThebes七将攻拜忒TheSuppliants乞援者TheOresteia俄瑞斯忒亚Agamemnon阿迦门农TheLibationBearers奠酒人TheEumenides复仇女神PrometheusBound普罗米修斯■Sophocles（索福克里斯）：OedipustheKing,俄狄浦斯王Antigone安提戈涅■Euripides（欧里庇底斯）：medea美狄亚TheTrojanWomen特洛伊妇女▲Theearlymoderntragedies:IntheEnglishlanguage,themostfamousandmostsuccessfultragediesarethoseofWilliamShakespeareandhisElizabethancontemporaries.Shakespeare'stragediesinclude:AntonyandCleop