中考-现在完成时

概念1）表示过去发生或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；常与一些时间状语如:already,yet,ever,never,just,before,once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如thesedays,today,thisyear,sofar等连用.Ihavejusthadmybreakfastalready.(暗示我现在不饿了)Ihavealreadyfinishedmyreading.2）表示过去开始的动作持续到现在，甚至还可能继续下去；常和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间状语连用.如for+时间段,since+时间点/从句,inthelasttenyears等,谓语只可用延续性动词.HehaslivedinBeijingfor8years.到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去结构have/has+done（过去分词）①肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)+其他成分.②否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)+其他成分.③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)+其他成分.④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）Ihavecleanedmybedroom.Ihaven'tcleanedmybedroom.Haveyoucleanedyourbedroom?Wherehaveyoucleaned?过去分词变化规则1.规则动词(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed”。work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited(2)、以“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d”。live---lived---lived(3)、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，将y变为i，再加“ed”。study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”。stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped2.不规则动词（附表）用法1.过去的动作对现在还造成影响Ihavespentallofmymoney.(现在我没有钱花了.)Michaelhasbeenill.(现在仍然很虚弱)Hehasreturnedfromabroad.(现在已在此地)Heisnotfeelingwellnow.Hehascaughtacold.Ihavelostthekey.Ican'tgointomyroom.注意时间状语的区别already:多用于陈述句，位于have/has后，有时位于句末。Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.yet:用于疑问句和否定句，位于句尾。Haveyoueverfoundyourbookyet?Ihaven'thadbreakfastyet.ever:多用于疑问句，问初次经历。HaveyoueverbeentoAmerica?never:用于否定句，位于have/has后Hehasneverarguedwithotherpeople.just:多用于陈述句，位于have/has后Lucyhasjustwashedherclothes.before:可用于各句式，位于句尾Ihavereadthisbookbefore.Hehasn'tbeenabroadbefore.HaveyouflowntoHainanbefore?Moreexamples:Hehasalreadyfinishedhishomework.(一般问句，并作肯定、否定回答)Hashefinishedhishomeworkyet?Yes,hehas./No,hehasn'tIhaveneverbeentoBeijingbefore.(一般问句)HaveyoueverbeentoBeijingbefore?Practice:1.Theyhaveboughtacomputer.(改成否定句)_______________________________________2.Hehaslosthisbook.(改成一般疑问句,做否定回答)_________________________________________3.Mandyhasalreadyhadbooks.(划线提问)_______________Mandy________?4.Myfatherhasalreadygonehome.Myfather_________________home_____.(否定)_______yourfather______home_______?(一般疑问)5.Hehasbeentheretwice.(划线提问)______________________________hebeenthere?2.表示过去开始的动作持续到现在，甚至还可能继续下去。HehaslearntEnglishsince1998.从1998年开始学的，到现在还在继续学注意时间状语for+一段时间e.g.Wehavelivedinthiscityfortenyears.since+过去点时间since+一段时间+agosince+从句（从句用一般过去式）e.g.Hehasworkedheresince1990.Shehastaughtinthisschoolsincetwoyearsago.Wehaveknowneachothersincewemet.sofar（到目前为止）,once/twice/threetimes,allone'slifee.g.Theyhavelearnt2000wordssofar.Tomhasseenthefilmtwice.Herfatherhasworkedinthefactoryallhislife.inthepast+一段时间duringthelast+一段时间Theyhavebuiltmanyhighbuildinginthepastthreeyears.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometownduringthelasttwoyears.Practice:用“for’’or“since”填空1.UncleWanghasworkedonthefarm______threedays.2.Ihavestayedathome_____aday.3.TheyhavelivedinGuiLin_______twoyearsago.4.Shehasknownthisman____tenyears.5.Hehasstudiedhere________lastmonth.6.Wehavebeenhere_______threeo’clock.7.Ihaven’tseenmygrandpa_______1989.8.TheboyhaslearnedEnglish_______hewasfive.难点解析have/hasbeento,have/hasgoneto,have/hasbeenin的区别have/hasbeen(to)表示“曾经去过”某地,说话时此人很可能不在那里,已经回来.侧重指经历。HehasbeentoBeijing(twice).他曾去过北京(两次).have/hasgone(to)表示某人“已经去了”某地,说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上,反正不在这里。HehasgonetoBeijing.他去北京了.（现在不在这）have/hasbeen(in)表示“来/去某地(多长时间)”,现在仍在那儿，强调状态。HehasbeeninBeijingforthreeweeks.他已经在北京三个周了。Practice用have(has)beento,have(has)beenin,have(has)been或have(has)goneto填空。1.WhereisJim?He__________Wuhan.2.Myparents__________theGreatWalltwice.Theylikethereverymuch.3.Howlong_______Peter_______theWestHillfarm?4.Mysister____________theshop.Shewillbebackintwohours.5._____youever________America?--Yes,I_________theremanytimes.现在完成时中延续性动词和终止性动词（短暂动词瞬间动词）英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的.终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave,come等表示的是短暂的意义，表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续.所以它的现在完成时表示一段时间的状语连用,for+时间段,since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在howlong引导的特殊疑问句初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave,go,come,arrive,begin,buy,borrow,die,join,become等.终止性动词要表示持续时,可用以下方法:⑴.将时间状语改为时间段+ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.eg.我弟弟参军两年了.Mybrotherjoinedthearmytwoyearsago.⑵若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句,或用在howlong句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:1.havearrivedat/insw.gotto/reachedsw.come/gone/movedtosw.→havebeeninsw./at…相应的介词2.havecome/goneback/returned→havebeenback3.havecome/goneout→havebeenout4.havebecome→havebeen5.haveclosed/opened→havebeenclosed/opened6.havegotup→havebeenup；7.havedied→havebeendead；8.haveleftsw.→havebeenaway(from)sw.9.havefallenasleep/gottosleep→havebeenasleep；10.havefinished/ended/completed→havebeenover；11.havemarried→havebeenmarried；12.havestarted/beguntodosth.→havedonesth.；13.havebegun→havebeenon14.haveborrowed/bought→havekept/had15.havelost→haven’thad16.haveputon→haveworn17.havecaught/getacold→havehadacold；18.havegottoknow→haveknown19.have/hasgoneto→havebeenin20.havejoined/havetakenpartintheleague/theParty/thearmy→havebeenamemberof/havebeenin/havebeentheParty’smember/theleaguemember/thesoldier…例：吉姆买了这只钢笔两年了。buy----have1.Jimhashadthispenfortwoyears.2.Jimhashadthispensincetwoyearsago.3.Jimhashadthispensince2003.4.ItistwoyearssinceJ